Head First C# is a complete learning experience for object-oriented programming, C#, and the Visual Studio IDE. Built for your brain, this book covers C# 3.0 and Visual Studio 2008, and teaches everything from language fundamentals to advanced topics including garbage collection, extension methods, and double-buffered animation. You'll also master C#'s hottest and newest syntax, LINQ, for querying SQL databases, .NET collections, and XML documents. By the time you're through, you'll be a proficient C# programmer, designing and coding large-scale applications.

Every few chapters you will come across a lab that lets you apply what you've learned up to that point. Each lab is designed to simulate a professional programming task, increasing in complexity until-at last-you build a working Invaders game, complete with shooting ships, aliens descending while firing, and an animated death sequence for unlucky starfighters. This remarkably engaging book will have you going from zero to 60 with C# in no time flat.

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Spis treści

Head First C# eBook -- spis treści

• Head First C#
• Dedication
• A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
• Advance Praise for Head First C#
• Praise for other Head First books
•  
• How to Use this Book: Intro
  • Who is this book for?
  • Who should probably back away from this book?
  • We know what youre thinking.
  • And we know what your brain is thinking.
  • Metacognition: thinking about thinking
  • Heres what WE did:
  • Heres what YOU can do to bend your brain into submission
  • What you need for this book:
  • Read me
  • The technical review team
    • Technical Reviewers:
  • Acknowledgments
  • Safari Books Online
• 1. Get Productive With c#: Visual Applications, in 10 minutes or less
  • Why you should learn C#
    • Heres what the IDE automates for you...
    • What you get with Visual Studio and C#...
  • C# and the Visual Studio IDE make lots of things easy
  • Help the CEO go paperless
  • Get to know your users needs before you start building your program
  • Heres what youre going to build
  • What you do in Visual Studio...
  • What Visual Studio does for you...
  • Develop the user interface
  • Visual Studio, behind the scenes
  • Add to the auto-generated code
  • You can already run your application
  • Where are my files?
  • Heres what weve done so far
  • We need a database to store our information
  • The IDE created a database
  • SQL is its own language
  • Creating the table for the Contact List
  • The blanks on contact card are columns in our People table
  • Finish building the table
  • Diagram your data
  • Insert your card data into the database
  • Connect your form to your database objects with a data source
  • Add database-driven controls to your form
  • Good programs are intuitive to use
  • Test drive
    • The IDE builds first, then runs.
  • How to turn YOUR application into EVERYONES application
  • Give your users the application
  • You built a complete data-driven application
  • You built a complete data-driven application
  • CSharpcross
  • CSharpcross Solution
• 2. Its All Just Code: Under the Hood
  • When youre doing this...
  • ...the IDE does this
  • Where programs come from
    • Every program starts out as source code files
    • The .NET Framework gives you the right tools for the job
    • Build the program to create an executable
    • Your program runs inside the CLR
  • The IDE helps you code
  • When you change things in the IDE, youre also changing your code
    • Wait, wait! What did that say?
  • Anatomy of a program
    • Lets take a closer look at your code
  • Your program knows where to start
  • You can change your programs entry point
    • So what happened?
  • Two classes can be in the same namespace
  • Your programs use variables to work with data
    • Declare your variables
    • Variables vary
    • You have to assign values to variables before you use them
    • A few useful types
  • C# uses familiar math symbols
  • Loops perform an action over and over again
    • Use a code snippet to write simple for loops
  • Time to start coding
    • Add statements to show a message
  • if/else statements make decisions
  • Set up conditions and see if theyre true
    • Use logical operators to check conditions
    • Set a variable and then check its value
    • Add another conditional test
    • Add loops to your program
  • Csharpcross
  • Csharpcross Solution
• 3. Objects: Get Oriented!: Making Code Make Sense
  • How Mike thinks about his problems
  • How Mikes car navigation system thinks about his problems
  • Mikes Navigator class has methods to set and modify routes
    • Some methods have a return value
  • Use what youve learned to build a simple application
  • Mike gets an idea
    • He could create three different Navigator classes...
  • Mike can use objects to solve his problem
  • You use a class to build an object
    • An object gets its methods from its class
  • When you create a new object from a class, its called an instance of that class.
  • A better solution... brought to you by objects!
  • An instance uses fields to keep track of things
    • Methods are what an object does. Fields are what the object knows.
  • Lets create some instances!
  • Thanks for the memory
  • Whats on your programs mind
  • You can use class and method names to make your code intuitive
  • Give your classes a natural structure
    • Lets build a class diagram
  • Class diagrams help you organize your classes so they make sense
  • Build a class to work with some guys
  • Create a project for your guys
  • Build a form to interact with the guys
  • Theres an even easier way to initialize objects
  • A few ideas for designing intuitive classes
  • Objectcross
  • Objectcross Solution
• 4. Types and References: Its 10:00. Do you know where your data is?
  • The variables type determines what kind of data it can store
  • A variable is like a data to-go cup
  • 10 pounds of data in a 5 pound bag
  • Even when a number is the right size, you cant just assign it to any variable
    • So what happened?
  • When you cast a value thats too big, C# will adjust it automatically
  • C# does some casting automatically
  • When you call a method, the variables must match the types of the parameters
  • Combining = with an operator
  • Objects use variables, too
  • Refer to your objects with reference variables
  • References are like labels for your object
  • If there arent any more references, your object gets garbage collected
  • Typecross
  • Multiple references and their side effects
  • Two references means TWO ways to change an objects data
  • A special case: arrays
    • Use each element in an array like it is a normal variable
  • Arrays can contain a bunch of reference variables, too
  • Welcome to Sloppy Joes Budget House o Discount Sandwiches!
  • Objects use references to talk to each other
  • Where no object has gone before
  • Typecross Solution
• I. C# Lab A Day at the Races
  • 5. Encapsulation: Keep your privates... private
    • Kathleen is an event planner
    • What does the estimator do?
    • Kathleens Test Drive
    • Each option should be calculated individually
    • Its easy to accidentally misuse your objects
    • Encapsulation means keeping some of the data in a class private
    • Use encapsulation to control access to your classs methods and fields
    • But is the realName field REALLY protected?
    • Private fields and methods can only be accessed from inside the class
    • A few ideas for encapsulating classes
    • Encapsulation keeps your data pristine
      • A quick example of encapsulation
    • Properties make encapsulation easier
    • Build an application to test the Farmer class
    • Use automatic properties to finish the class
      • Fully encapsulate the Farmer class
    • What if we want to change the feed multiplier?
    • Use a constructor to initialize private fields
  • 6. Inheritance: Your objects family tree
    • Kathleen does birthday parties, too
    • We need a BirthdayParty class
      • Heres what we need to do:
    • One more thing... can you add a $100 fee for parties over 12?
    • When your classes use inheritance, you only need to write your code once
      • Dinner parties and birthday parties are both parties
    • Build up your class model by starting general and getting more specific
    • How would you design a zoo simulator?
    • Use inheritance to avoid duplicate code in subclasses
    • Different animals make different noises
      • Think about what you need to override
    • Think about how to group the animals
    • Create the class hierarchy
    • Every subclass extends its base class
      • C# always calls the most specific method
    • Use a colon to inherit from a base class
    • We know that inheritance adds the base class fields, properties, and methods to the subclass...
      • ... but some birds dont fly!
    • A subclass can override methods to change or replace methods it inherited
    • Any place where you can use a base class, you can use one of its subclasses instead
    • A subclass can access its base class using the base keyword
    • When a base class has a constructor, your subclass needs one too
      • The base class constructor is executed before the subclass constructor
    • Now youre ready to finish the job for Kathleen!
    • Build a beehive management system
    • First youll build the basic system
    • Use inheritance to extend the bee management system
  • 7. Interfaces and Abstract Classes: Making classes keep their promises
    • Lets get back to bee-sics
      • Lots of things are still the same
    • We can use inheritance to create classes for different types of bees
    • An interface tells a class that it must implement certain methods and properties
    • Use the interface keyword to define an interface
    • Now you can create an instance of NectarStinger that does both jobs
    • Classes that implement interfaces have to include ALL of the interfaces methods
    • Get a little practice using interfaces
    • You cant instantiate an interface, but you can reference an interface
    • Interface references work just like object references
    • You can find out if a class implements a certain interface with is
    • Interfaces can inherit from other interfaces
      • Any class that implements an interface that inherits from IWorker must implement its methods and properties
    • The RoboBee 4000 can do a worker bees job without using valuable honey
    • is tells you what an object implements, as tells the compiler how to treat your object
    • A CoffeeMaker is also an Appliance
    • Upcasting works with both objects and interfaces
    • Downcasting lets you turn your appliance back into a coffee maker
      • When downcasting fails, as returns null
    • Upcasting and downcasting work with interfaces, too
    • Theres more than just public and private
    • Access modifiers change scope
    • Some classes should never be instantiated
    • An abstract class is like a cross between a class and an interface
    • Like we said, some classes should never be instantiated
      • Solution: use an abstract class
    • An abstract method doesnt have a body
      • Avoid ambiguity!
      • The four princples of object oriented programming
    • Polymorphism means that one object can take many different forms
      • Keep your eyes open for polymorphism in the next exercise!
      • But were not done yet!
  • 8. Enums and Collections: Storing lots of data
    • Strings dont always work for storing categories of data
    • Enums let you enumerate a set of valid values
    • Enums let you represent numbers with names
    • We could use an array to create a deck of cards...
      • ... but what if you wanted to do more?
    • Arrays are hard to work with
    • Lists make it easy to store collections of... anything
    • Lists are more flexible than arrays
    • Lists shrink and grow dynamically
    • List objects can store any type
    • Collection initializers work just like object initializers
    • Lets create a list of Ducks
      • Heres the initializer
    • Lists are easy, but SORTING can be tricky
      • You could sort a list of ducks by size...
      • ...or by type.
      • Lists know how to sort themselves
    • Two ways to sort your ducks
      • An objects CompareTo() method compares it with another object
    • Use IComparer to tell your List how to sort
    • Create an instance of your comparer object
      • Multiple IComparer implementations, multiple ways to sort your objects
    • IComparer can do complex comparisons
    • Use a dictionary to store keys and values
    • The Dictionary Functionality Rundown
    • Your key and value can be different types, too
    • You can build your own overloaded methods
    • And yet MORE collection types...
      • Generic collections are an important part of the .NET framework
    • A queue is FIFO First In, First Out
    • A stack is LIFO Last In, First Out
• II. C# Lab: The Quest
  • 9. Reading and Writing Files: Save the byte array, save the world
    • C# uses streams to read and write data
    • Different streams read and write different things
      • Things you can do with a stream:
    • A FileStream writes bytes to a file
    • How to write text to a file in 3 simple steps
    • The Swindler launches another diabolical plan
    • Reading and writing takes two objects
    • Data can go through more than one stream
    • Use built-in objects to pop up standard dialog boxes
      • ShowDialog() pops up a dialog box
    • Dialog boxes are just another .NET control
    • Dialog boxes are objects, too
    • Use the built-in File and Directory classes to work with files and directories
      • Things you can do with a File:
      • Things you can do with a Directory:
    • Use File Dialogs to open and save files (all with just a few lines of code)
    • IDisposable makes sure your objects are disposed properly
    • Avoid file system errors with using statements
      • Use multiple using statements for multiple objects
    • Trouble at work
      • You can help Brian out by building a program to manage his excuses
    • Writing files usually involves making a lot of decisions
    • Use a switch statement to choose the right option
    • Use a switch statement to let your deck of cards read from a file or write itself out to one
    • Add an overloaded Deck() constructor that reads a deck of cards in from a file
    • What happens to an object when its serialized?
    • But what exactly IS an objects state? What needs to be saved?
    • When an object is serialized, all of the objects it refers to get serialized too...
    • Serialization lets you read or write a whole object all at once
      • Youll need a BinaryFormatter object
      • Now just create a stream and read or write your objects
    • If you want your class to be serializable, mark it with the [Serializable] attribute
    • Lets serialize and deserialize a deck of cards
    • .NET converts text to Unicode automatically
    • C# can use byte arrays to move data around
    • Use a BinaryWriter to write binary data
      • Use BinaryReader to read the data back in
    • You can read and write serialized files manually, too
    • Find where the files differ, and use that information to alter them
    • Working with binary files can be tricky
    • Use file streams to build a hex dumper
      • How to make a hex dump
      • Working with hex
    • StreamReader and StreamWriter will do just fine
  • 10. Exception Handling: Putting out fires gets old
    • Brian needs his excuses to be mobile
      • But the program isnt working!
    • When your program throws an exception, .NET generates an Exception object.
    • Brians code did something unexpected
    • All exception objects inherit from Exception
    • The debugger helps you track down and prevent exceptions in your code
      • Debugging means running your code line by line to see what happens
    • Use the IDEs debugger to ferret out exactly what went wrong in the excuse manager
    • Uh-ohthe codes still got problems...
    • Handle exceptions with try and catch
    • What happens when a method you want to call is risky?
    • Use the debugger to follow the try/catch flow
    • If you have code that ALWAYS should run, use a finally block
    • Use the Exception object to get information about the problem
    • Use more than one catch block to handle multiple types of exceptions
    • One class throws an exception, another class catches the exception
    • Bees need an OutOfHoney exception
    • An easy way to avoid a lot of problems: using gives you try and finally for free
    • Exception avoidance: implement IDisposable to do your own clean up
    • The worst catch block EVER: comments
      • You should handle your exceptions, not bury them
    • Temporary solutions are okay (temporarily)
    • A few simple ideas for exception handling
    • Brian finally gets his vacation...
      • ... and things are looking up back home!
  • 11. Events and Delegates: What your code does when youre not looking
    • Ever wish your objects could think for themselves?
    • But how does an object KNOW to respond?
    • When an EVENT occurs... objects listen
      • Want to DO SOMETHING with an event? You need an event handler
    • One object raises its event, others listen for it...
    • Then, the other objects handle the event
    • Connecting the dots
      • Use a standard name when you add a method to raise an event
    • The IDE creates event handlers for you automatically
    • The forms youve been building all use events
      • One event, multiple handlers
    • Connecting event senders with event receivers
      • My people will get in touch with your people.
    • A delegate STANDS IN for an actual method
      • A delegate adds a new type to your project
    • Delegates in action
    • Any object can subscribe to a public event...
      • ... but thats not always a good thing!
    • Use a callback instead of an event to hook up exactly one object to a delegate
    • Callbacks use delegates, but NOT events
  • 12. Review and Preview: Knowledge, power, and building cool stuff
    • Youve come a long way, baby
    • Weve also become beekeepers
      • But we can do a lot better now...
    • The beehive simulator architecture
    • Building the beehive simulator
    • Life and death of a flower
    • Now we need a Bee class
    • P. A. H. B. (Programmers Against Homeless Bees)
    • The hive runs on honey
    • Filling out the Hive class
    • The hives Go() method
    • Were ready for the World
      • The World object keeps everything Go() ing
    • Were building a turn-based system
    • Heres the code for World
    • Giving the bees behavior
    • The main form tells the world to Go()
    • We can use World to get statistics
    • Timers fire events over and over again
    • The timers using a delegate behind the scenes
    • Add a Timer to the simulator
    • Test drive
    • Lets work with groups of bees
    • A collection collects... DATA
    • LINQ makes working with data in collections and databases easy
    • Test drive (Part 2)
    • One final challenge: Open and Save
  • 13. Controls and Graphics: Make it pretty
    • Youve been using controls all along to interact with your programs
    • Form controls are just objects
    • Use controls to animate the beehive simulator
    • Add a renderer to your architecture
    • The renderer draws everything in the World on the two forms
      • The simulator renders the world after each frame
    • Controls are well-suited for visual display elements
    • Build your first animated control
      • We want a control in the toolbox
    • BeeControl is LIKE a PictureBox... so lets start by INHERITING from PictureBox
    • Create a button to add the BeeControl to your form
    • Your controls need to dispose their controls, too!
    • A UserControl is an easy way to build a control
    • The renderer uses your BeeControl to draw animated bees on your forms
    • Add the hive and field forms to the project
      • Figure out where your locations are
    • Build the Renderer
    • Now connect the main form to your two new forms, HiveForm and FieldForm
    • Test drive... ahem... buzz
    • Looks great, but somethings not quite right...
    • Lets take a closer look at those performance issues
    • You resized your Bitmaps using a Graphics object
      • Lets see image resizing in action
    • Your image resources are stored in Bitmap objects
      • Then each Bitmap is drawn to the screen
      • The bigger they are...
    • Use System.Drawing to TAKE CONTROL of graphics yourself
    • A 30-second tour of GDI+ graphics
    • Use graphics to draw a picture on a form
    • Graphics can fix our transparency problem...
      • ... but theres a catch
    • Use the Paint event to make your graphics stick
    • A closer look at how forms and controls repaint themselves
    • Double buffering makes animation look a lot smoother
    • Double buffering is built into forms and controls
      • Overhaul the Beehive Simulator
    • Use a Graphics object and an event handler for printing
    • PrintDocument works with the print dialog and print preview window objects
      • Use e.HasMorePages to print multi-page documents
    • Theres so much more to be done...
  • 14. Captain Amazing the Death of the Object
    • Your last chance to DO something... your objects finalizer
    • When EXACTLY does a finalizer run?
      • You can SUGGEST to .NET that its time to collect the garbage
    • Dispose() works with using, finalizers work with garbage collection
    • Finalizers cant depend on stability
    • Make an object serialize itself in its Dispose()
    • A struct looks like an object...
    • ..but isnt on the heap
    • Values get copied, references get assigned
    • Structs are value types; objects are reference types
      • Heres what happened...
    • The stack vs. the heap: more on memory
    • Captain Amazing... not so much
    • Extension methods add new behavior to EXISTING classes
    • Extending a fundamental type: string
  • 15. Linq: Get control of your data
    • An easy project...
    • ... but the datas all over the place
    • LINQ can pull data from multiple sources
    • .NET collections are already set up for LINQ
    • LINQ makes queries easy
    • LINQ is simple, but your queries dont have to be
    • LINQ is versatile
    • LINQ can combine your results into groups
    • Combine Jimmys values into groups
    • Use join to combine two collections into one query
    • Jimmy saved a bunch of dough
    • Connect LINQ to a SQL database
    • Use a join query to connect Starbuzz and Objectville
• III. C# Lab 3: Invaders
  • A. Leftovers: The top 5 things we wanted to include in this book
    • #1 LINQ to XML
      • Save and load XML files
      • Query your data
      • Read data from an RSS feed
    • #2 Refactoring
      • Extract a method
      • Rename a variable
      • Consolidate a conditional expression
    • #3 Some of our favorite Toolbox components
    • #4 Console Applications
    • #5 Windows Presentation Foundation
    • Did you know that C# and the .NET Framework can...
• Index
• About the Authors
• Copyright