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Spis treści

C in a Nutshell. The Definitive Reference. 2nd Edition eBook -- spis treści

• Preface
  • How This Book Is Organized
    • Part I
    • Part II
    • Part III
  • Further Reading
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • Safari Books Online
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
    • Peter
    • Tony
• I. Language
• 1. Language Basics
  • Characteristics of C
  • The Structure of C Programs
  • Source Files
  • Comments
  • Character Sets
    • Wide Characters and Multibyte Characters
      • Wide characters
      • Multibyte characters
      • Conversion
    • Universal Character Names
    • Digraphs and Trigraphs
  • Identifiers
    • Identifier Name Spaces
    • Identifier Scope
  • How the C Compiler Works
    • The C Compilers Translation Phases
    • Tokens
• 2. Types
  • Typology
  • Integer Types
    • Integer Types Defined in Standard Headers
      • Integer types with exact width (C99)
  • Floating-Point Types
  • Complex Floating-Point Types
  • Enumerated Types
  • The Type void
    • void in Function Declarations
    • Expressions of Type void
    • Pointers to void
  • The Alignment of Objects in Memory
• 3. Literals
  • Integer Constants
  • Floating-Point Constants
    • Decimal Floating-Point Constants
    • Hexadecimal Floating-Point Constants
  • Character Constants
    • Types and Values of Character Constants
    • Escape Sequences
  • String Literals
• 4. Type Conversions
  • Conversion of Arithmetic Types
    • Hierarchy of Types
    • Integer Promotion
    • Usual Arithmetic Conversions
    • Other Implicit Type Conversions
    • The Results of Arithmetic Type Conversions
      • Conversions to _Bool
      • Conversions to unsigned integer types other than _Bool
      • Conversions to signed integer types
      • Conversions to real floating-point types
      • Conversions to complex floating-point types
  • Conversion of Nonarithmetic Types
    • Array and Function Designators
    • Explicit Pointer Conversions
      • Object pointers
      • Function pointers
    • Implicit Pointer Conversions
      • Pointers to void
      • Pointers to qualified object types
      • Null pointer constants
    • Conversions Between Pointer and Integer Types
• 5. Expressions and Operators
  • How Expressions Are Evaluated
    • Generic Selections (C11)
    • Lvalues
    • Side Effects and Sequence Points
    • Operator Precedence and Associativity
  • Operators in Detail
    • Arithmetic Operators
      • Standard arithmetic
      • Pointer arithmetic
    • Assignment Operators
      • Simple assignment
      • Compound assignments
    • Increment and Decrement Operators
    • Comparative Operators
    • Logical Operators
    • Bitwise Operators
      • Boolean bitwise operators
      • Shift operators
    • Memory Addressing Operators
      • The & and * operators
      • Elements of arrays
      • Members of structures and unions
    • Other Operators
      • Function calls
      • Compound literals
      • The sizeof operator
      • The _Alignof operator
      • The conditional operator
      • The comma operator
  • Constant Expressions
    • Integer Constant Expressions
    • Other Constant Expressions
• 6. Statements
  • Expression Statements
  • Block Statements
  • Loops
    • while Statements
    • for Statements
    • dowhile Statements
    • Nested Loops
  • Selection Statements
    • if Statements
    • switch Statements
  • Unconditional Jumps
    • The break Statement
    • The continue Statement
    • The goto Statement
    • The return Statement
• 7. Functions
  • Function Definitions
    • Functions and Storage Class Specifiers
    • K&R-Style Function Definitions
    • Function Parameters
    • Arrays as Function Parameters
    • The main() Function
  • Function Declarations
    • Declaring Optional Parameters
    • Declaring Variable-Length Array Parameters
  • How Functions Are Executed
  • Pointers as Arguments and Return Values
  • Inline Functions
  • Non-Returning Functions
  • Recursive Functions
  • Variable Numbers of Arguments
• 8. Arrays
  • Defining Arrays
    • Fixed-Length Arrays
    • Variable-Length Arrays
  • Accessing Array Elements
  • Initializing Arrays
    • Writing Initialization Lists
    • Initializing Specific Elements
  • Strings
  • Multidimensional Arrays
    • Matrices
    • Declaring Multidimensional Arrays
    • Initializing Multidimensional Arrays
  • Arrays as Arguments of Functions
• 9. Pointers
  • Declaring Pointers
    • Null Pointers
    • void Pointers
    • Initializing Pointers
  • Operations with Pointers
    • Using Pointers to Read and Modify Objects
    • Modifying and Comparing Pointers
  • Pointers and Type Qualifiers
    • Constant Pointers and Pointers to Constant Objects
    • Restricted Pointers
  • Pointers to Arrays and Arrays of Pointers
    • Array Pointers
    • Pointer Arrays
  • Pointers to Functions
• 10. Structures, Unions, and Bit-Fields
  • Structures
    • Defining Structure Types
    • Structure Objects and typedef Names
    • Incomplete Structure Types
    • Accessing Structure Members
    • Initializing Structures
    • Initializing Specific Members
    • Structure Members in Memory
    • Flexible Structure Members
    • Pointers as Structure Members
  • Unions
    • Defining Union Types
    • Initializing Unions
  • Anonymous Structures and Unions
  • Bit-Fields
• 11. Declarations
  • Object and Function Declarations
    • Examples
    • Storage Class Specifiers
    • Type Qualifiers
    • Declarations and Definitions
    • Complex Declarators
  • Type Names
  • typedef Declarations
  • _Static_assert Declarations
  • Linkage of Identifiers
    • External Linkage
    • Internal Linkage
    • No Linkage
  • Storage Duration of Objects
    • Static Storage Duration
    • Thread Storage Duration
    • Automatic Storage Duration
  • Initialization
    • Implicit Initialization
    • Explicit Initialization
• 12. Dynamic Memory Management
  • Allocating Memory Dynamically
  • Characteristics of Allocated Memory
  • Resizing and Releasing Memory
  • An All-Purpose Binary Tree
  • Characteristics
  • Implementation
    • Generating an Empty Tree
    • Inserting New Data
    • Finding Data in the Tree
    • Removing Data from the Tree
    • Traversing a Tree
    • A Sample Application
• 13. Input and Output
  • Streams
    • Text Streams
    • Binary Streams
  • Files
    • File Position
    • Buffers
    • The Standard Streams
  • Opening and Closing Files
    • Opening a File
    • Access Modes
    • Closing a File
  • Reading and Writing
    • Byte-Oriented and Wide-Oriented Streams
    • Error Handling
      • Return values and status flags
      • The error variable errno
    • Unformatted I/O
      • Reading characters
      • Putting a character back
      • Writing characters
      • Reading strings
      • Writing strings
      • Reading and writing blocks
    • Formatted Output
      • The printf() function family
      • The format string
      • Field widths
      • Printing characters and strings
      • Printing integers
      • Printing floating-point numbers
    • Formatted Input
      • The scanf() function family
      • The format string
      • Field widths
      • Reading characters and strings
      • Reading integers
      • Reading floating-point numbers
  • Random File Access
    • Obtaining the Current File Position
    • Setting the File Access Position
• 14. Multithreading
  • Threads
    • Creating Threads
    • Other Thread Functions
  • Accessing Shared Data
    • Mutual Exclusion
    • Atomic Objects
    • Atomic Operations
    • Memory Ordering
    • Fences
  • Communication Between Threads: Condition Variables
  • Thread-Local Objects and Thread-Specific Storage
    • Using Thread-Local Objects
    • Using Thread-Specific Storage
• 15. Preprocessing Directives
  • Inserting the Contents of Header Files
    • How the Preprocessor Finds Header Files
    • Nested #include Directives
  • Defining and Using Macros
    • Macros Without Parameters
    • Macros with Parameters
      • Variable numbers of arguments
      • The stringify operator
      • The token-pasting operator
    • Using Macros Within Macros
    • Macro Scope and Redefinition
  • Type-generic Macros
  • Conditional Compiling
    • The #if and #elif Directives
    • The defined Operator
    • The #ifdef and #ifndef Directives
  • Defining Line Numbers
  • Generating Error Messages
  • The #pragma Directive
  • The _Pragma Operator
  • Predefined Macros
    • Conditionally Defined Macros
• II. Standard Library
• 16. The Standard Headers
  • Using the Standard Headers
    • Execution Environments
    • Function and Macro Calls
    • Reserved Identifiers
  • Functions with Bounds-Checking
    • Availability
    • Runtime Constraints
  • Contents of the Standard Headers
    • assert.h
    • complex.h
    • ctype.h
    • errno.h
    • fenv.h
      • Macro and type definitions for the floating-point environment
      • Macro and type definitions for floating-point exceptions
      • Macro definitions for rounding modes
    • float.h
      • Normalized representation of floating-point numbers
      • Rounding mode and evaluation method
      • Precision and value range
    • inttypes.h
      • Types
      • Functions
      • Macros
    • iso646.h
    • limits.h
    • locale.h
    • math.h
      • The types float_t and double_t
      • Classification macros
      • Other macros in math.h
    • setjmp.h
    • signal.h
    • stdalign.h
    • stdarg.h
    • stdatomic.h
      • Types defined in stdatomic.h
      • Macros Defined in stdatomic.h
    • stdbool.h
    • stddef.h
    • stdint.h
      • Value ranges of the integer types with specific widths
      • Value ranges of other integer types
      • Macros for integer constants
    • stdio.h
    • stdlib.h
    • stdnoreturn.h
    • string.h
    • tgmath.h
    • threads.h
      • Types Defined in threads.h
      • Enumeration constants defined in threads.h
      • Macros defined in threads.h
    • time.h
    • uchar.h
    • wchar.h
    • wctype.h
• 17. Functions at a Glance
  • Input and Output
  • Mathematical Functions
    • Mathematical Functions for Integer Types
    • Floating-Point Functions
    • Function-Like Macros
      • Type-generic macros
      • Categories of floating-point values
      • Comparison macros
    • Pragmas for Arithmetic Operations
    • The Floating-Point Environment
      • Accessing status flags
      • Rounding modes
      • Saving the whole floating-point environment
    • Error Handling
      • Domain errors
      • Range errors
  • Character Classification and Conversion
    • Character Classification
    • Case Mapping
  • String Processing
  • Multibyte Characters
  • Converting Between Numbers and Strings
  • Searching and Sorting
  • Memory Block Handling
  • Dynamic Memory Management
  • Date and Time
  • Process Control
    • Communication with the Operating System
    • Signals
  • Internationalization
  • Nonlocal Jumps
  • Multithreading (C11)
    • Thread Functions
    • Atomic Operations
  • Debugging
  • Error Messages
• 18. Standard Library Functions
• III. Basic Tools
• 19. Compiling with GCC
  • The GNU Compiler Collection
  • Obtaining and Installing GCC
  • Compiling C Programs with GCC
    • Step by Step
      • Preprocessing
      • Compiling
      • Assembling
      • Linking
        • Non-standard libraries
        • Passing options to the linker
      • All of the above
      • None of the above
    • Multiple Input Files
      • File types
      • Mixed input types
    • Dynamic Linking and Shared Object Files
    • Freestanding Programs
  • C Dialects
  • Compiler Warnings
  • Optimization
    • The -O Levels
    • The -f Flags
    • Floating-Point Optimization
    • Architecture-Specific Optimization
    • Why Not Optimize?
  • Debugging
  • Profiling
  • Option and Environment Variable Summary
    • Command-Line Options
    • Environment Variables
• 20. Using make to Build C Programs
  • Targets, Prerequisites, and Commands
  • The Makefile
  • Rules
    • The Command Script
    • Pattern Rules
    • Suffix Rules
    • Built-In Rules
    • Implicit Rule Chains
    • Double-Colon Rules
  • Comments
  • Variables
    • Assignment Operators
    • Variables and Whitespace
    • Target-Specific Variable Assignments
    • The Automatic Variables
    • Other Built-In Variables
    • Environment Variables
  • Phony Targets
  • Other Target Attributes
  • Macros
  • Functions
    • Built-In Functions
      • Text-processing functions
      • Filename-manipulation functions
      • Conditions and flow control functions
      • Operations on variables
      • System functions
    • User-Defined Functions
  • Directives
    • Conditionals
    • Includes
    • Other Directives
  • Running make
    • Generating Header Dependencies
    • Recursive make Commands
    • Command-Line Options
    • Special Targets Used as Runtime Options
    • GCC Options for Generating Makefile Rules
• 21. Debugging C Programs with GDB
  • Installing GDB
  • A Sample Debugging Session
    • Symbol Information
    • Finding a Bug
  • Starting GDB
    • Command-Line Arguments
    • Command-Line Options
      • Passing arguments to the program being debugged
      • Selecting files
      • Selecting the user interface
      • Executing command scripts
    • Initialization Files
  • Using GDB Commands
    • Command Completion
    • Displaying Help for Commands
    • Status Information
      • Status information on the program being debugged
      • Status information on the debugger
    • Running a Program in the Debugger
    • Displaying Source Code
    • Working with Breakpoints
      • Setting and displaying breakpoints
      • Deleting, disabling, and ignoring breakpoints
      • Conditional breakpoints
    • Resuming Execution After a Break
    • Analyzing the Stack
      • Displaying a call trace
      • Displaying and changing the current stack frame
      • Displaying arguments and local variables
    • Displaying Data
      • Displaying values of expressions
      • Output formats
      • Displaying memory blocks
    • Watchpoints: Observing Operations on Variables
  • Analyzing Core Files in GDB
• 22. Using an IDE with C
  • IDEs for C
  • The Eclipse IDE for C/C++
    • Installing Eclipse CDT
    • Running Eclipse
    • Perspectives and Views
  • Developing a C Program with Eclipse
    • Creating a New C Project
    • Editing
    • Compiling and Running a Program
    • Project Properties
  • Debugging a C Program in Eclipse
    • Starting the Debugger
    • Setting Breakpoints
    • Controlling Program Execution in the Debugger
  • Further Information on Eclipse
• Index