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Spis treści

Web Design in a Nutshell. A Desktop Quick Reference. 3rd Edition eBook -- spis treści

• Web Design in a Nutshell, 3rd Edition
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly
  • Foreword
  • Contributors
  • Technical Reviewers
    • Lead Technical Editors
      • • Tantek Çelik
        • Molly E. Holzschlag
    • Technical Reviewers
  • Preface
    • Whats in the Book
    • Using Code Examples
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • CSS Property Conventions
    • How to Contact Us
    • Safari Enabled
    • Acknowledgments
  • I. The Web Environment
    • 1. Web Standards
      • 1.1. What Are Standards?
        • 1.1.1. The Standards Process
        • 1.1.2. A Bumpy Beginning
        • 1.1.3. Standards Support Today
        • 1.1.4. The Advantages of Standards
          • 1.1.4.1. Accessibility
          • 1.1.4.2. Forward compatibility
          • 1.1.4.3. Simpler and faster development
          • 1.1.4.4. Faster download and display
      • 1.2. Current Web Standards
        • 1.2.1. Structural Layer
        • 1.2.2. Presentation Layer
        • 1.2.3. Behavioral Layer
          • 1.2.3.1. Object models
          • 1.2.3.2. Scripting
        • 1.2.4. Other XML-Based Technologies
      • 1.3. Standards-Driven Design
        • 1.3.1. Separate Presentation from Structure
        • 1.3.2. Use a DOCTYPE Declaration
        • 1.3.3. Validate Your Markup
      • 1.4. For Further Reading
        • 1.4.1. Books
        • 1.4.2. Web Resources
    • 2. Designing for a Variety of Browsers
      • 2.1. Browser History
      • 2.2. Browser Roll-Call
        • 2.2.1. Microsoft Internet Explorer 6
        • 2.2.2. Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 and 5.5 (Windows)
        • 2.2.3. Microsoft Internet Explorer 5 (Macintosh)
        • 2.2.4. Netscape Navigator 7
        • 2.2.5. Netscape Navigator 4
        • 2.2.6. Firefox 1.0
        • 2.2.7. Opera 8.5
        • 2.2.8. Safari
        • 2.2.9. America Online
        • 2.2.10. Lynx
      • 2.3. Gathering Usage Statistics
        • 2.3.1. Global Browser Statistics
        • 2.3.2. Server Log Analysis
        • 2.3.3. Targeted Statistics Consulting
      • 2.4. Learning from Browser Statistics
        • 2.4.1. What You Can Learn
          • 2.4.1.1. Standards support
          • 2.4.1.2. Dominance of Windows and Internet Explorer
          • 2.4.1.3. Persistence of old browser versions
        • 2.4.2. Browser Usage Trends
      • 2.5. Dealing with Browser Differences
        • 2.5.1. Document Authoring
        • 2.5.2. Style Sheet Tactics
        • 2.5.3. Programming
      • 2.6. Know Your Audience
      • 2.7. Test!
    • 3. Designing for a Variety of Displays
      • 3.1. Designing for Unknown Monitor Resolutions
        • 3.1.1. Standard Monitor Sizes and Resolutions
        • 3.1.2. Live Space in the Browser Window
      • 3.2. Fixed Versus Liquid Web Pages
        • 3.2.1. Liquid Layouts
          • 3.2.1.1. Advantages and disadvantages of fluid web pages
          • 3.2.1.2. Creating flexible pages
        • 3.2.2. Fixed-Width Design
          • 3.2.2.1. Advantages and disadvantages of fixed-width design
          • 3.2.2.2. Creating fixed pages
          • 3.2.2.3. Left-aligned or centered?
          • 3.2.2.4. Pop-up and resized windows
        • 3.2.3. Combination Pages
        • 3.2.4. Choosing a Page Size
          • 3.2.4.1. The statistics
          • 3.2.4.2. Current practice
      • 3.3. Designing "Above the Fold"
      • 3.4. Mobile Devices
        • 3.4.1. Mobile Display Resolution
        • 3.4.2. Mobile Browsers
          • 3.4.2.1. Support for standards
          • 3.4.2.2. Adapting web content for small screens
        • 3.4.3. Designing for Mobile Devices
          • 3.4.3.1. Write clean HTML
          • 3.4.3.2. Use media types
        • 3.4.4. Online Resources
          • 3.4.4.1. Mobile standards
          • 3.4.4.2. Mobile browsers
          • 3.4.4.3. Mobile device manufacturers
        • 3.4.5. The Web on TV
    • 4. A Beginner's Guide to the Server
      • 4.1. Servers 101
        • 4.1.1. Popular Server Software
        • 4.1.2. Basic Server Functions
          • 4.1.2.1. Web root directory
          • 4.1.2.2. Index files
          • 4.1.2.3. HTTP response header
        • 4.1.3. Server-Side Programming
          • 4.1.3.1. CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
          • 4.1.3.2. ASP (Active Server Pages)
          • 4.1.3.3. PHP
          • 4.1.3.4. Java servlets and JSP
      • 4.2. Unix Directory Structures
        • 4.2.1. Absolute Pathnames
        • 4.2.2. Relative Pathnames
          • 4.2.2.1. Using relative pathnames in HTML
      • 4.3. File Naming Conventions
      • 4.4. Uploading Documents (FTP)
        • 4.4.1. The FTP Process
        • 4.4.2. Setting Permissions
      • 4.5. File (MIME) Types
    • 5. Accessibility
      • 5.1. Types of Disabilities
      • 5.2. Overview of Assistive Technology
        • 5.2.1. Input Devices
        • 5.2.2. Output Devices
      • 5.3. Who Is Responsible for Accessibility?
      • 5.4. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
      • 5.5. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0)
      • 5.6. Standards Variations and Section 508
      • 5.7. Web Accessibility Techniques
      • 5.8. Testing for Accessibility
        • 5.8.1. Testing by Developers
        • 5.8.2. Expert Review
        • 5.8.3. Testing with Users
        • 5.8.4. Automated Testing Tools
    • 6. Internationalization
      • 6.1. Character Sets and Encoding
        • 6.1.1. Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646-1)
          • 6.1.1.1. Unicode code points
          • 6.1.1.2. Unicode encodings
          • 6.1.1.3. Choosing an encoding
        • 6.1.2. Specifying Character Encoding
          • 6.1.2.1. HTTP headers
          • 6.1.2.2. XML declaration
          • 6.1.2.3. The meta element
          • 6.1.2.4. Choosing the declaration method
      • 6.2. Character References
        • 6.2.1. Numeric Character References
        • 6.2.2. Character Entities
        • 6.2.3. Escapes in CSS
      • 6.3. Language Features
        • 6.3.1. Language Specification
        • 6.3.2. Language Values
        • 6.3.3. Directionality
        • 6.3.4. Cursive Joining Behavior
      • 6.4. Style Sheets Language Features
      • 6.5. For Further Reading
  • II. The Structural Layer: XML and (X)HTML
    • 7. Introduction to XML
      • 7.1. XML Basics
        • 7.1.1. Meaningful Markup
        • 7.1.2. Text as Data, Data as Text
      • 7.2. How It Works
        • 7.2.1. XML Documents
        • 7.2.2. Document Type Definition (DTD)
        • 7.2.3. Style Sheets and XML
        • 7.2.4. Parsers
      • 7.3. XML Document Syntax
        • 7.3.1. XML Declaration
        • 7.3.2. Document Type Declaration
        • 7.3.3. Comments
        • 7.3.4. Processing Instructions
        • 7.3.5. Entity References
      • 7.4. Well-Formed XML
      • 7.5. Document Type Definition (DTD)
        • 7.5.1. Document Type Declarations
        • 7.5.2. Valid XML
        • 7.5.3. DTD Syntax
          • 7.5.3.1. Element declarations
          • 7.5.3.2. Attlist (attribute) declarations
          • 7.5.3.3. Entity declarations
        • 7.5.4. When to Use a DTD
      • 7.6. XML Namespaces
      • 7.7. XML on the Web
        • 7.7.1. Browser Support
        • 7.7.2. Viewing XML in Web Browsers
      • 7.8. Web-Related XML Applications
        • 7.8.1. XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language)
        • 7.8.2. RSS (Really Simple Syndication or RDF Site Summary)
          • 7.8.2.1. How it works
          • 7.8.2.2. Trouble over an RSS standard
          • 7.8.2.3. Enter Atom
          • 7.8.2.4. For further reading
        • 7.8.3. RDF (Resource Description Framework)
        • 7.8.4. SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)
        • 7.8.5. SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language)
          • 7.8.5.1. How SMIL works
        • 7.8.6. MathML (Mathematical Markup Language)
        • 7.8.7. Other XML Applications
      • 7.9. Where to Learn More
    • 8. HTML and XHTML Overview
      • 8.1. The Role of HTML
        • 8.1.1. Starting with "Good" Markup
          • 8.1.1.1. Write standards-compliant documents
          • 8.1.1.2. Use semantic markup
          • 8.1.1.3. Structure documents logically
          • 8.1.1.4. Keep presentation separate from structure
      • 8.2. Markup Basics
        • 8.2.1. Elements
        • 8.2.2. Attributes
        • 8.2.3. Nested Elements
        • 8.2.4. Information Browsers Ignore
      • 8.3. Introduction to XHTML
        • 8.3.1. The XHTML Family
          • 8.3.1.1. XHTML 1.0
          • 8.3.1.2. The Modularization of XHTML
          • 8.3.1.3. XHTML Basic
          • 8.3.1.4. XHTML 1.1
          • 8.3.1.5. XHTML-Print
          • 8.3.1.6. XHTML 2.0
        • 8.3.2. Three Flavors of HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0
      • 8.4. Which Standard Is Right for You?
      • 8.5. Well-Formed XHTML
        • 8.5.1. All-Lowercase Element and Attribute Names
        • 8.5.2. Quoted Attribute Values
        • 8.5.3. Element Termination
        • 8.5.4. Empty Elements
        • 8.5.5. Explicit Attribute Values
        • 8.5.6. Nesting Requirements
        • 8.5.7. Character Entities
        • 8.5.8. Protecting Scripts
        • 8.5.9. id and name Attributes
      • 8.6. Web Authoring Tools
        • 8.6.1. HTML/XHTML Editors
        • 8.6.2. WYSIWYG Authoring Tools
      • 8.7. Good Authoring Practices
    • 9. Document Structure
      • 9.1. Minimal Document Structure
      • 9.2. Document Type Declaration
        • 9.2.1. DTD Options
        • 9.2.2. DOCTYPE Switching
          • 9.2.2.1. Browser support
          • 9.2.2.2. Making the switch
      • 9.3. The Root Element
        • Reference Section
          • • html
        • 9.3.1. Namespace
        • 9.3.2. Language
      • 9.4. The Document Header
        • Reference Section
          • • head
        • 9.4.1. Titles
          • • title
        • 9.4.2. Other Header Elements
        • 9.4.3. Providing Meta Data
          • • • meta
          • 9.4.3.1. http-equiv
          • 9.4.3.2. name
          • 9.4.3.3. Identifying media type and character encoding
          • 9.4.3.4. Using the meta element for client-pull
          • 9.4.3.5. Other uses of http-equiv
          • 9.4.3.6. meta names for search engines
      • 9.5. The Document Body
        • body
    • 10. Text Elements
      • 10.1. Choosing Text Elements
      • 10.2. The Building Blocks of Content
        • 10.2.1. Headings
          • h1 through h6
        • 10.2.2. Paragraphs
          • p
        • 10.2.3. Quotations (blockquote)
          • blockquote
        • 10.2.4. Preformatted Text
          • pre
        • 10.2.5. Addresses
          • address
      • 10.3. Inline Elements
        • 10.3.1. Phrase Elements
          • • abbr, acronym, cite, code, dfn, em, kbd, samp, strong, var
          • 10.3.1.1. Indicating emphasis
          • 10.3.1.2. Acronyms and abbreviations
        • 10.3.2. Short Quotations
          • q
      • 10.4. Deleted and Inserted Text
        • • del, ins
      • 10.5. Generic Elements (div and span)
        • 10.5.1. The Versatile div
          • div
        • 10.5.2. The Useful span
          • span
        • 10.5.3. Element Identifiers (class and id)
          • 10.5.3.1. id identifier
          • 10.5.3.2. class identifier
          • 10.5.3.3. Tips on using class
      • 10.6. Lists
        • 10.6.1. Unordered Lists
          • • ul
            • li
          • 10.6.1.1. Unordered list syntax
          • 10.6.1.2. Unordered list presentation
        • 10.6.2. Ordered Lists
          • • ol
        • 10.6.3. Definition Lists
          • • dl
            • dd
            • dt
        • 10.6.4. Nesting Lists
      • 10.7. Presentational Elements
        • 10.7.1. Font Elements
          • font
          • basefont
        • 10.7.2. Subscript and Superscript
          • sub, sup
        • 10.7.3. Line Breaks
          • br
        • 10.7.4. Word Wrapping
        • 10.7.5. Horizontal Rules
          • hr
      • 10.8. Character Entity References
    • 11. Creating Links
      • 11.1. Simple Hypertext Links
        • Reference Section
          • a
        • 11.1.1. Absolute URLs
        • 11.1.2. Relative URLs
        • 11.1.3. Establishing a base
          • • base
      • 11.2. Linking Within a Document
        • 11.2.1. Naming a Fragment
        • 11.2.2. Linking to a Fragment
        • 11.2.3. Linking to a Fragment in Another Document
      • 11.3. Targeting Windows
      • 11.4. Alternative Protocols
        • 11.4.1. Mail Link (mailto:)
        • 11.4.2. FTP Link (ftp://)
        • 11.4.3. Other Links
      • 11.5. Linking Documents with link
        • • link
    • 12. Images and Objects
      • 12.1. Inline Images
        • Reference Section
          • img
        • 12.1.1. Image Formats and Usage
        • 12.1.2. img Element Syntax
          • 12.1.2.1. Default presentation
          • 12.1.2.2. Alternative text
        • 12.1.3. Specifying Width and Height
        • 12.1.4. Deprecated img Attributes
          • 12.1.4.1. Vertical alignment
          • 12.1.4.2. Horizontal alignment
          • 12.1.4.3. Adding space around aligned images
          • 12.1.4.4. Stopping text wrap
          • 12.1.4.5. Borders
        • 12.1.5. Image Loading Techniques
          • 12.1.5.1. Reuse images whenever possible
          • 12.1.5.2. Link to large images
      • 12.2. Image Maps
        • 12.2.1. Creating Image Maps
          • 12.2.1.1. Available tools
          • 12.2.1.2. Creating the map
        • 12.2.2. Client-Side Image Maps
          • • map
            • area
          • 12.2.2.1. Sample client-side image map
        • 12.2.3. Server-Side Image Maps
      • 12.3. Embedded Media
        • 12.3.1. The object Element
          • • object
            • param
          • 12.3.1.1. Specifying data and type
          • 12.3.1.2. Specifying an implementation
          • 12.3.1.3. Adding parameters
          • 12.3.1.4. Providing alternate content
          • 12.3.1.5. Cross-browser compatibility
        • 12.3.2. The embed Element
          • • embed
          • 12.3.2.1. noembed
            • • noembed
          • 12.3.2.2. Using embed
      • 12.4. Java Applets
        • 12.4.1. Where to Get Applets
        • 12.4.2. Adding an Applet to a Page
          • • applet
          • 12.4.2.1. Adding applets with applet
          • 12.4.2.2. Adding applets with object
      • 12.5. Inline (Floating) Frames
        • • iframe
    • 13. Tables
      • 13.1. Table Uses
        • 13.1.1. Data Tables
        • 13.1.2. Layout Tables
      • 13.2. Basic Table Structure
        • 13.2.1. Rows and Cells
          • • table
            • tr
            • td
        • 13.2.2. Spanning Rows and Columns
          • 13.2.2.1. Column span
          • 13.2.2.2. Row span
        • 13.2.3. Descriptive Elements
          • 13.2.3.1. Table headers
            • • th
          • 13.2.3.2. Captions
            • • caption
      • 13.3. Row Groups
        • • thead, tbody, tfoot
      • 13.4. Columns and Column Groups
        • • col
          • colgroup
      • 13.5. Table Presentation
        • 13.5.1. Table Cell Spacing
          • 13.5.1.1. Cell spacing
          • 13.5.1.2. Cell padding
          • 13.5.1.3. CSS alternatives
        • 13.5.2. Table and Cell Dimensions
          • 13.5.2.1. CSS alternative
        • 13.5.3. Borders
          • 13.5.3.1. CSS alternative
        • 13.5.4. Cell Content Alignment
          • 13.5.4.1. Horizontal alignment
          • 13.5.4.2. Vertical alignment
          • 13.5.4.3. CSS alternatives
        • 13.5.5. Backgrounds
      • 13.6. Accessible Tables
        • 13.6.1. Table Metadata
        • 13.6.2. Table Headers
        • 13.6.3. Associating Headers with Data
          • 13.6.3.1. Scope
          • 13.6.3.2. ID and headers
      • 13.7. Responsible Layout Tables
        • 13.7.1. Stick to Basic Table Elements
        • 13.7.2. Keep It Simple and Lightweight
        • 13.7.3. Use Style Sheets for Presentation
        • 13.7.4. Check for Linearization
    • 14. Frames
      • 14.1. Introduction to Frames
        • 14.1.1. Advantages
        • 14.1.2. Disadvantages
      • 14.2. Basic Frameset Structure
        • Reference Section
          • • frameset
        • Reference Section
          • frame
        • 14.2.1. Alternate Content
          • • noframes
        • 14.2.2. Establishing Rows and Columns
          • 14.2.2.1. Specifying sizes
          • 14.2.2.2. Combining rows and columns
        • 14.2.3. Nesting Frames
      • 14.3. Frame Function and Appearance
        • 14.3.1. Scrolling
        • 14.3.2. Disabling Resize
        • 14.3.3. Frame Margins
        • 14.3.4. Frame Borders
          • 14.3.4.1. Turning borders on and off
          • 14.3.4.2. Border thickness
      • 14.4. Targeting Frames
        • 14.4.1. The base Element
        • 14.4.2. Reserved Target Names
      • 14.5. Frame Design Tips and Tricks
        • 14.5.1. All-Purpose Pages
        • 14.5.2. External Links
        • 14.5.3. Improving Frame Accessibility
          • 14.5.3.1. Give frames titles
          • 14.5.3.2. Provide complete noframes content
        • 14.5.4. Helping Search Engines
    • 15. Forms
      • 15.1. The Basic Form Element
        • Reference Section
          • • form
        • 15.1.1. The action Attribute
        • 15.1.2. The method Attribute
        • 15.1.3. Encoding
      • 15.2. Form Controls
        • 15.2.1. Input Controls
          • • input
          • 15.2.1.1. Text entry field
            • • input type="text"
          • 15.2.1.2. Password text entry
            • • input type="password"
          • 15.2.1.3. Hidden entry (type="hidden")
            • • input type="hidden"
          • 15.2.1.4. Checkbox (type="checkbox")
            • • input type="checkbox"
          • 15.2.1.5. Radio button
            • • input type="radio"
          • 15.2.1.6. Submit and reset buttons
            • • input type="submit"
              • input type="reset"
          • 15.2.1.7. Custom button
            • • input type="button"
          • 15.2.1.8. Image button
            • • input type="image"
          • 15.2.1.9. File selection
            • • input type="file"
        • 15.2.2. Multiline Text Areas
          • • textarea
        • 15.2.3. Creating Menus with the select Element
          • • select
            • option
            • optgroup
          • 15.2.3.1. Pull-down menus
          • 15.2.3.2. Scrolling menus
          • 15.2.3.3. Option groups
        • 15.2.4. Buttons
          • • button
      • 15.3. Accessibility Features
        • 15.3.1. Labels
          • • label
        • 15.3.2. fieldset and legend
          • • fieldset
            • legend
        • 15.3.3. accesskey and tabindex
        • 15.3.4. title Attribute
      • 15.4. disabled and readonly
      • 15.5. Affecting Form Appearance
        • 15.5.1. Styling Form Controls with CSS
        • 15.5.2. Aligning Form Elements
          • 15.5.2.1. Layout tables
          • 15.5.2.2. CSS-only alignment
  • III. The Presentation Layer: Cascading Style Sheets
    • 16. Cascading Style Sheets Fundamentals
      • 16.1. CSS in a Nutshell
      • 16.2. The Benefits of CSS
      • 16.3. How CSS Works
      • 16.4. Rule Syntax
      • 16.5. Adding Styles to a Document
        • 16.5.1. Inline Styles
        • 16.5.2. Embedded Style Sheets
          • • style
        • 16.5.3. External Style Sheets
          • 16.5.3.1. Style sheet content
          • 16.5.3.2. Using link
          • 16.5.3.3. Importing
        • 16.5.4. CSS for Other Media
      • 16.6. Key Concepts
        • 16.6.1. Document Structure and Inheritance
          • 16.6.1.1. The parent-child relationship
          • 16.6.1.2. Inheritance
        • 16.6.2. Conflicting Style Rules: The Cascade
          • 16.6.2.1. Style sheet origin
          • 16.6.2.2. Selector specificity
          • 16.6.2.3. Rule order
        • 16.6.3. Block and Inline Elements
        • 16.6.4. Introduction to the Box Model
      • 16.7. Specifying Values
        • 16.7.1. Length Units
        • 16.7.2. Specifying Color
          • 16.7.2.1. By name
          • 16.7.2.2. By RGB value
        • 16.7.3. Percentage Values
        • 16.7.4. Keyword Values
      • 16.8. Browser Support
      • 16.9. For Further Reading
        • 16.9.1. Books
        • 16.9.2. Online Resources
          • 16.9.2.1. Inspirational CSS showcase sites
          • 16.9.2.2. Informative personal sites
    • 17. Selectors
      • 17.1. Type (Element) Selector
      • 17.2. Contextual Selectors
        • 17.2.1. Descendant Selector
        • 17.2.2. Child Selector
        • 17.2.3. Adjacent Sibling Selector
      • 17.3. Class and ID Selectors
        • 17.3.1. class Selector
        • 17.3.2. id Selector
      • 17.4. Attribute Selectors
      • 17.5. Pseudoselectors
        • 17.5.1. Pseudoclasses
          • 17.5.1.1. Anchor pseudoclasses
          • 17.5.1.2. Other CSS 2.1 pseudoclasses
        • 17.5.2. Pseudoelements
        • 17.5.3. Selector Summary
    • 18. Font and Text Properties
      • 18.1. Typography on the Web
        • 18.1.1. Font Issues
        • 18.1.2. Type Size Issues
        • 18.1.3. Alternatives to Browser Text
          • 18.1.3.1. Text in graphics
          • 18.1.3.2. Image-replacement techniques
          • 18.1.3.3. sIFR text
          • 18.1.3.4. Embedded fonts
      • 18.2. Font Family
        • Reference Section
          • font-family
        • 18.2.1. Generic Font Families
        • 18.2.2. Commonly Available Fonts
      • 18.3. Font Size
        • Reference Section
          • font-size
        • 18.3.1. Absolute Versus Relative Sizes
        • 18.3.2. Absolute Size Keywords
        • 18.3.3. Relative Size Keywords
        • 18.3.4. Percentage Measurements
        • 18.3.5. Length Measurements
          • 18.3.5.1. The problem with absolute values
          • 18.3.5.2. The problem with pixels
          • 18.3.5.3. The problem with ems
      • 18.4. Other Font Settings
        • 18.4.1. Font Weight
          • • font-weight
        • 18.4.2. Font Style
          • • font-style
        • 18.4.3. Font Variant
          • • font-variant
        • 18.4.4. Putting It All Together with the font Property
          • • font
        • 18.4.5. Using System Fonts
      • 18.5. Text Transformation (Capitalization)
        • • text-transform
      • 18.6. Text Decoration
        • • text-decoration
      • 18.7. Line Height
        • Reference Section
          • line-height
        • 18.7.1. Calculating Line Height
      • 18.8. Text Alignment Properties
        • 18.8.1. Indents
          • • text-indent
        • 18.8.2. Horizontal Alignment
          • • text-align
        • 18.8.3. Vertical Alignment
          • • vertical-align
          • 18.8.3.1. Aligning relative to the baseline
          • 18.8.3.2. Aligning relative to text height
          • 18.8.3.3. Aligning relative to line height
          • 18.8.3.4. Aligning with percentage values
      • 18.9. Text Spacing
        • 18.9.1. Letter Spacing
          • • letter-spacing
        • 18.9.2. Word Spacing
          • • word-spacing
        • 18.9.3. Whitespace
          • • white-space
      • 18.10. Text Direction
        • • direction
        • • unicode-bidi
    • 19. Basic Box Properties
      • 19.1. The Box Model, Revisited
        • 19.1.1. Inline Boxes
      • 19.2. Width and Height
        • Reference Section
          • height
        • Reference Section
          • width
        • 19.2.1. Maximum and Minimum Heights
          • • max-width, max-height
            • min-width, min-height
      • 19.3. Margins
        • Reference Section
          • margin-top, margin-right, margin-bottom, margin-left
        • Reference Section
          • margin
        • 19.3.1. The Shorthand margin Property
        • 19.3.2. Margin Behavior
      • 19.4. Borders
        • 19.4.1. Border Style
          • • border-top-style, border-right-style, border-bottom-style, border-left-style
            • border-style
        • 19.4.2. Border Width (Thickness)
          • • border-top-width, border-right-width, border-bottom-width, border-left-width
            • border-width
        • 19.4.3. Border Color
          • • border-top-color, border-right-color, border-bottom-color, border-left-color
            • border-color
        • 19.4.4. Combining Style, Width, and Color
          • • border-top, border-right, border-bottom, border-left
            • border
      • 19.5. Padding
        • • padding-top, padding-right, padding-bottom, padding-left
          • padding
    • 20. Color and Backgrounds
      • 20.1. Foreground Color
        • Reference Section
          • color
        • 20.1.1. Color Values
      • 20.2. Background Color
        • • background-color
      • 20.3. Background Images
        • Reference Section
          • background-image
        • 20.3.1. Background Tiling (Repeat)
          • • background-repeat
        • 20.3.2. Background Position
          • • background-position
          • 20.3.2.1. Keyword positioning
          • 20.3.2.2. Length measurements
          • 20.3.2.3. Percentage values
          • 20.3.2.4. Positioning repeating images
        • 20.3.3. Background Attachment
          • • background-attachment
        • 20.3.4. Combining Background Properties
          • • background
    • 21. Floating and Positioning
      • 21.1. Normal Flow
      • 21.2. Floating
        • Reference Section
          • float
        • 21.2.1. Floating Basics
        • 21.2.2. Floating Behavior
        • 21.2.3. Negative Margins and Overlap
        • 21.2.4. Clearing
          • • clear
      • 21.3. Positioning Basics
        • 21.3.1. Types of Positioning
          • • position
        • 21.3.2. Containing Blocks
        • 21.3.3. Specifying Position
          • • top, right, bottom, left
        • 21.3.4. Handling Overflow
          • • overflow
        • 21.3.5. Clipping Areas
          • • clip
        • 21.3.6. Visibility
          • • visibility
        • 21.3.7. Stacking Order
          • • z-index
      • 21.4. Absolute Positioning
        • 21.4.1. Absolute Positioning and Containing Blocks
        • 21.4.2. Calculating Position
      • 21.5. Fixed Positioning
      • 21.6. Relative Positioning
    • 22. CSS for Tables
      • 22.1. The Essence of Tables
        • 22.1.1. Rows and Columns
        • 22.1.2. Internal Table Elements
        • 22.1.3. Table Captions
          • • caption-side
        • 22.1.4. Stacking Order
      • 22.2. Styling Tables
      • 22.3. Borders
        • Reference Section
          • border-collapse
        • 22.3.1. The Separated Borders Model
          • • border-spacing
          • • empty-cells
        • 22.3.2. The Collapsing Border Model
          • 22.3.2.1. Border pecking order
      • 22.4. Table Layout (Width and Height)
        • Reference Section
          • table-layout
        • 22.4.1. Fixed-Width Layout
        • 22.4.2. Automatic Layout
      • 22.5. Table Display Values
        • Reference Section
          • display
        • 22.5.1.
          • 22.5.1.1. Anonymous table elements
    • 23. Lists and Generated Content
      • 23.1. CSS for Lists
        • 23.1.1. Choosing a Marker
          • • list-style-type
        • 23.1.2. Marker Position
          • • list-style-position
        • 23.1.3. Make Your Own Bullets
          • • list-style-image
        • 23.1.4. list-style Shorthand Property
          • • list-style
        • 23.1.5. List-item Display
      • 23.2. Generated Content
        • 23.2.1. Inserting Generated Content
          • • content
        • 23.2.2. Quotation Marks
          • • quotes
        • 23.2.3. Automatic Numbering and Counters
          • • counter-reset
          • • counter-increment
    • 24. CSS Techniques
      • 24.1. Centering a Page
      • 24.2. Two-Column Layouts
        • 24.2.1. Using Floats
        • 24.2.2. Using Absolute Positioning
        • 24.2.3. More Two-Column Layouts
      • 24.3. Three-Column Layouts
        • 24.3.1. Floating Three Columns
        • 24.3.2. Absolute Three-Column Positioning
          • 24.3.2.1. Positioning the sidebars
          • 24.3.2.2. Positioning three columns
          • 24.3.2.3. Centering with borders and margins
      • 24.4. Boxes with Rounded Corners
        • 24.4.1. Simple Rounded Box
        • 24.4.2. Fancier Boxes
      • 24.5. Image Replacement
        • 24.5.1. The Original (FIR)
        • 24.5.2. Leahy/Langridge Image Replacement (LIR)
        • 24.5.3. The Rundle/Phark Technique
        • 24.5.4. The Gilder/Levin Method
        • 24.5.5. Which Should You Use?
      • 24.6. CSS Rollovers
        • 24.6.1. Text Rollovers
        • 24.6.2. Image Rollovers
          • 24.6.2.1. Rollovers without preloading
      • 24.7. List-Based Navigation Bars
        • 24.7.1. Inline List Items
        • 24.7.2. Floated List Items
        • 24.7.3. More List and Tabbed Navigation Tutorials
      • 24.8. CSS Techniques Resources
    • 25. Managing Browser Bugs: Workarounds, Hacks, and Filters
      • 25.1. Working with "Troubled" Browsers
      • 25.2. The Browsers
        • 25.2.1. Netscape Navigator 4.x
        • 25.2.2. Internet Explorer 5.x on Windows
        • 25.2.3. Internet Explorer 5.x on Macintosh
        • 25.2.4. Internet Explorer 6
        • 25.2.5. The Mozilla Family (Mozilla, Firefox, and Netscape)
        • 25.2.6. Safari
        • 25.2.7. Opera
      • 25.3. Hack and Workaround Management 101
  • IV. The Behavioral Layer: JavaScript and the DOM
    • 26. Introduction to JavaScript
      • 26.1. A Little Background
      • 26.2. Using JavaScript
        • 26.2.1. JavaScript Dos and Don'ts
        • 26.2.2. Implementation Methods
      • 26.3. JavaScript Syntax
        • 26.3.1. Statements
        • 26.3.2. Comments
        • 26.3.3. Variables
        • 26.3.4. Data Types
          • 26.3.4.1. Strings
          • 26.3.4.2. Numbers
          • 26.3.4.3. Booleans
          • 26.3.4.4. Arrays
        • 26.3.5. Operators
          • 26.3.5.1. Arithmetic operators
          • 26.3.5.2. Comparison operators
        • 26.3.6. Control Structures
          • 26.3.6.1. Conditional statements
          • 26.3.6.2. Loops
          • 26.3.6.3. switch
          • 26.3.6.4. Functions
        • 26.3.7. Objects
      • 26.4. Event Handling
      • 26.5. The Browser Object
      • 26.6. Where to Learn More
    • 27. DOM Scripting
      • 27.1. A Sordid Past
      • 27.2. Out of the Dark Ages
      • 27.3. The DOM
      • 27.4. Manipulating Documents with the DOM
        • 27.4.1. Finding Your Way Around
        • 27.4.2. Reading and Manipulating Document Structure
          • 27.4.2.1. innerHTML
          • 27.4.2.2. nodeValue
          • 27.4.2.3. getAttribute()/setAttribute( )
        • 27.4.3. Creating Document Structure
          • 27.4.3.1. createElement( )
          • 27.4.3.2. createTextNode( )
          • 27.4.3.3. appendChild( )
          • 27.4.3.4. insertBefore( )
          • 27.4.3.5. replaceChild( )
          • 27.4.3.6. removeChild( )
          • 27.4.3.7. cloneNode( )
      • 27.5. Working with Style
        • 27.5.1. Resources
      • 27.6. DOM Scripting in Action
        • 27.6.1. Example 1: Style Sheet Switcher
        • 27.6.2. Example 2: Page Glossary
      • 27.7. Supplement: Getting Started with Ajax
        • 27.7.1. Example 1: Ajax with innerHTML
        • 27.7.2. Example 2: Ajax with Nodes
        • 27.7.3. Ajax Resources
  • V. Web Graphics
    • 28. Web Graphics Overview
      • 28.1. Web Graphic File Formats
        • 28.1.1. GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
        • 28.1.2. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
        • 28.1.3. PNG (Portable Network Graphic)
        • 28.1.4. Choosing the Right Format
      • 28.2. Image Resolution
        • 28.2.1. Image Size
        • 28.2.2. Good Bye Inches, Hello Pixels
      • 28.3. Color on the Web
        • 28.3.1. RGB Color
        • 28.3.2. Color Depth
          • 28.3.2.1. Truecolor (24- or 32-bit)
          • 28.3.2.2. Highcolor (15- or 16-bit)
          • 28.3.2.3. Indexed color (8-bit)
        • 28.3.3. The Web Palette
          • 28.3.3.1. The web palette growing obsolete
          • 28.3.3.2. The web palette in numbers
          • 28.3.3.3. Designing with the web palette
        • 28.3.4. Gamma (Monitor Brightness)
      • 28.4. Web Graphics Production Tips
        • 28.4.1. Use Web Graphics Tools
        • 28.4.2. Keep File Sizes Small
        • 28.4.3. Work in RGB Mode
        • 28.4.4. Resize Images with Care
        • 28.4.5. Use Anti-Aliased Text
        • 28.4.6. Matching Web Colors
          • 28.4.6.1. Inline and background colors on 16-bit monitors
          • 28.4.6.2. Adjacent GIFs and JPEGs
        • 28.4.7. For Further Reference
    • 29. GIF Format
      • 29.1. 8-Bit Indexed Color
      • 29.2. LZW Compression
      • 29.3. Interlacing
      • 29.4. Transparency
        • 29.4.1. Creating Transparent GIFs
        • 29.4.2. Preventing "Halos"
          • 29.4.2.1. Use aliased edges
          • 29.4.2.2. Use the Matte color tool
      • 29.5. Minimizing GIF File Sizes
        • 29.5.1. Design Strategically
          • 29.5.1.1. Limit dimensions
          • 29.5.1.2. Design with flat color
        • 29.5.2. Use Optimization Tools
          • 29.5.2.1. Reduce the number of colors (bit depth)
          • 29.5.2.2. Limit dithering
          • 29.5.2.3. Play with the "Loss" setting
          • 29.5.2.4. Weighted optimization (Photoshop/ImageReady)
          • 29.5.2.5. Optimize to a File Size function (Photoshop/ImageReady)
      • 29.6. Designing GIFs with the Web Palette
        • 29.6.1. Should You Worry About the Web Palette?
        • 29.6.2. Selecting Web-Safe Colors
        • 29.6.3. Converting to the Web Palette
        • 29.6.4. Web Palette Strategies
          • 29.6.4.1. Flat graphical images
          • 29.6.4.2. Photographic images
          • 29.6.4.3. Combination images (flat and photographic areas)
    • 30. JPEG Format
      • 30.1. 24-Bit Color
      • 30.2. JPEG Compression
        • 30.2.1. Image Loss
        • 30.2.2. Variable Compression Levels
        • 30.2.3. JPEG Decompression
      • 30.3. Progressive JPEGs
      • 30.4. Creating JPEGs
      • 30.5. Minimizing JPEG File Size
        • 30.5.1. Aggressive Compression Ratios
        • 30.5.2. "Optimized" JPEGs
        • 30.5.3. Softening the Image for Better Compression
        • 30.5.4. Weighted Optimization (Photoshop/ImageReady)
        • 30.5.5. Selective Quality (Fireworks)
        • 30.5.6. Optimize to File Size (Photoshop/ImageReady)
    • 31. PNG Format
      • 31.1. When to Use PNGs
        • 31.1.1. Potential GIF Substitute
        • 31.1.2. Not a JPEG Substitute
        • 31.1.3. For Multiple Levels of Transparency
      • 31.2. PNG Features
        • 31.2.1. 8-bit Palette, Grayscale, and Truecolor
          • 31.2.1.1. 8-bit palette images
          • 31.2.1.2. Grayscale
          • 31.2.1.3. Truecolor
        • 31.2.2. PNG Compression
          • 31.2.2.1. Filters
        • 31.2.3. Transparency
          • 31.2.3.1. Alpha channel transparency
          • 31.2.3.2. 8-bit transparency
        • 31.2.4. Progressive Display (Interlacing)
        • 31.2.5. Gamma Correction
        • 31.2.6. Embedded Text
      • 31.3. Platform/Browser Support
      • 31.4. Creating PNG Files
        • 31.4.1. Adobe Photoshop/ImageReady
          • 31.4.1.1. Saving as PNG
          • 31.4.1.2. PNG transparency in Photoshop/ImageReady
        • 31.4.2. Macromedia Fireworks
          • 31.4.2.1. Exporting PNG files
          • 31.4.2.2. PNG transparency in Fireworks
      • 31.5. PNG Optimization Strategies
      • 31.6. For Further Reading
    • 32. Animated GIFs
      • 32.1. How They Work
      • 32.2. Using Animated GIFs
      • 32.3. Tools
        • 32.3.1. Applications That Include GIF Animation Tools
        • 32.3.2. GIF Animation Utilities
      • 32.4. Creating Animated GIFs
        • 32.4.1. Frame Delay
        • 32.4.2. Transparency
        • 32.4.3. Disposal Methods
        • 32.4.4. Color Palette
        • 32.4.5. Other Options
        • 32.4.6. Starting Points
      • 32.5. Optimizing Animated GIFs
        • 32.5.1. Image Compression
        • 32.5.2. Optimizing Methods
  • VI. Media
    • 33. Audio on the Web
      • 33.1. Basic Digital Audio Concepts
      • 33.2. Using Existing Audio
        • 33.2.1. Copyright Restrictions
        • 33.2.2. Royalty-Free Audio Resources
      • 33.3. Preparing Your Own Audio
        • 33.3.1. Recording
        • 33.3.2. Basic Sound Editing and Effects
          • 33.3.2.1. Cross-platform audio tools
          • 33.3.2.2. Windows audio tools
          • 33.3.2.3. Mac audio tools
        • 33.3.3. Optimizing for the Web
      • 33.4. Streaming Audio
        • 33.4.1. Streaming File Formats
        • 33.4.2. Server Software and Protocols
        • 33.4.3. Pseudostreaming
      • 33.5. Audio Formats
        • 33.5.1. WAV/AIFF (.wav, .aif, .aiff)
        • 33.5.2. MP3 (.mp3)
          • 33.5.2.1. MPEG compression
          • 33.5.2.2. Creating MP3s
          • 33.5.2.3. Serving MP3s
        • 33.5.3. Apple QuickTime Audio (.mov)
        • 33.5.4. MIDI (.mid)
        • 33.5.5. RealMedia/RealAudio (.rm, .ra)
        • 33.5.6. Windows Media (.wma, .asf)
        • 33.5.7. AAC (.m4a, .m4p, .mp4)
      • 33.6. Choosing an Audio Format
      • 33.7. Adding Audio to a Web Page
        • 33.7.1. A Simple Link
        • 33.7.2. Background Sound
        • 33.7.3. Adding RealMedia
          • 33.7.3.1. Linking to RealMedia (external player)
          • 33.7.3.2. Embedding RealPlayer on the page
        • 33.7.4. Adding Windows Media
    • 34. Video on the Web
      • 34.1. Basic Digital Video Concepts
      • 34.2. Compression
        • 34.2.1. Lossless Versus Lossy Compression
        • 34.2.2. Spatial Versus Temporal Compression
        • 34.2.3. Video Codecs
      • 34.3. Video File Formats
        • 34.3.1. Windows Media (.wmv or .asf)
        • 34.3.2. QuickTime Movie (.mov)
          • 34.3.2.1. Streaming
          • 34.3.2.2. Creating QuickTime movies
          • 34.3.2.3. Reference movies
          • 34.3.2.4. For more information
        • 34.3.3. RealMedia (.rm)
        • 34.3.4. AVI (.avi)
        • 34.3.5. MPEG (.mpg or .mpeg)
        • 34.3.6. Which Format to Choose
      • 34.4. Adding Video to an HTML Document
        • 34.4.1. A Simple Link
        • 34.4.2. Streaming Video
          • 34.4.2.1. Windows Media
          • 34.4.2.2. RealMedia
        • 34.4.3. Embedded QuickTime Movies
          • 34.4.3.1. Attributes and parameters
          • 34.4.3.2. Special QuickTime attributes
        • 34.4.4. Embedding Windows Media
          • 34.4.4.1. Browser support
    • 35. The Flash Platform
      • 35.1. Using Flash on Web Pages
        • 35.1.1. Advantages
        • 35.1.2. Disadvantages
      • 35.2. Creating Flash Movies
        • 35.2.1. File Formats
        • 35.2.2. Flash Interface Basics
        • 35.2.3. Optimizing Flash Movies
        • 35.2.4. Configuring the Server
      • 35.3. ActionScript
        • 35.3.1. ActionScript 1.0
        • 35.3.2. ActionScript 2.0
      • 35.4. Adding Flash to a Web Page
        • 35.4.1. Using Flash Publish Settings
        • 35.4.2. Using object and embed
          • 35.4.2.1. The object element
          • 35.4.2.2. The embed element
          • 35.4.2.3. Putting it together for all browsers
      • 35.5. Integrating Flash with Other Technologies
        • 35.5.1. Flash and QuickTime
        • 35.5.2. Flash and Director
        • 35.5.3. Flash and Dreamweaver
      • 35.6. The Flash Player
        • 35.6.1. Flash Player Versions
        • 35.6.2. Flash Power Tools
      • 35.7. Flash Resources
    • 36. Printing from the Web
      • 36.1. Browser Print Mechanisms
      • 36.2. Cascading Style Sheets for Print
        • 36.2.1. Creating the Style Sheets
        • 36.2.2. Targeting Media with Style Sheets
          • 36.2.2.1. Linking to media-dependent style sheets
          • 36.2.2.2. Using two embedded style sheets
          • 36.2.2.3. @import rule
          • 36.2.2.4. @media rule
        • 36.2.3. Considerations for Print Style Sheets
          • 36.2.3.1. Think about content
          • 36.2.3.2. Text and backgrounds
          • 36.2.3.3. Width and margins
          • 36.2.3.4. Handle your hypertext
      • 36.3. Portable Document Format (PDF)
        • 36.3.1. Viewing PDF Files
        • 36.3.2. Creating PDF Files
          • 36.3.2.1. Adobe Acrobat
          • 36.3.2.2. Fast Web view
          • 36.3.2.3. Alternatives to Acrobat
        • 36.3.3. Adding PDF Files to Web Pages
          • 36.3.3.1. Linking to a PDF file
          • 36.3.3.2. Tips for linking to PDF files
          • 36.3.3.3. Embedding a PDF file
      • 36.4. Flash Printing
  • VII. Appendixes
    • A. HTML Elements and Attributes
      • A.1. Common Attributes and Events
        • a
        • abbr
        • acronym
        • address
        • applet
        • area
        • b
        • base
        • basefont
        • bdo
        • big
        • blockquote
        • body
        • br
        • button
        • caption
        • center
        • cite
        • code
        • col
        • colgroup
        • dd
        • del
        • dfn
        • dir
        • div
        • dl
        • dt
        • em
        • embed
        • fieldset
        • font
        • form
        • frame
        • frameset
        • h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
        • head
        • hr
        • html
        • i
        • iframe
        • img
        • input
        • ins
        • isindex
        • kbd
        • label
        • legend
        • li
        • link
        • map
        • menu
        • meta
        • noembed
        • noframes
        • noscript
        • object
        • ol
        • optgroup
        • option
        • p
        • param
        • pre
        • q
        • s
        • samp
        • script
        • select
        • small
        • span
        • strike
        • strong
        • style
        • sub
        • sup
        • table
        • tbody
        • td
        • textarea
        • tfoot
        • th
        • thead
        • title
        • tr
        • tt
        • u
        • ul
        • var
    • B. CSS 2.1 Properties
      • B.1. Visual Media
        • background
        • background-attachment
        • background-color
        • background-image
        • background-position
        • background-repeat
        • border
        • border-bottom
        • border-bottom-color
        • border-bottom-style
        • border-bottom-width
        • border-collapse
        • border-color
        • border-left
        • border-left-color
        • border-left-style
        • border-left-width
        • border-right
        • border-right-color
        • border-right-style
        • border-right-width
        • border-spacing
        • border-style
        • border-top
        • border-top-color
        • border-top-style
        • border-top-width
        • border-width
        • bottom
        • caption-side
        • clear
        • clip
        • color
        • content
        • counter-increment
        • counter-reset
        • cursor
        • direction
        • display
        • empty-cells
        • float
        • font
        • font-family
        • font-size
        • font-style
        • font-variant
        • font-weight
        • height
        • left
        • letter-spacing
        • line-height
        • list-style
        • list-style-image
        • list-style-position
        • list-style-type
        • margin
        • margin-bottom
        • margin-left
        • margin-right
        • margin-top
        • max-height
        • max-width
        • min-height
        • min-width
        • outline
        • outline-color
        • outline-style
        • outline-width
        • overflow
        • padding
        • padding-bottom
        • padding-left
        • padding-right
        • padding-top
        • position
        • quotes
        • right
        • table-layout
        • text-align
        • text-decoration
        • text-indent
        • text-transform
        • top
        • unicode-bidi
        • vertical-align
        • visibility
        • white-space
        • width
        • word-spacing
        • z-index
      • B.2. Paged Media
        • orphans
        • page-break-after
        • page-break-before
        • page-break-inside
        • widows
      • B.3. Aural Styles
        • • azimuth
          • cue
          • cue-after
          • cue-before
          • elevation
          • pause
          • pause-after
          • pause-before
          • pitch
          • pitch-range
          • play-during
          • richness
          • speak
          • speak-header
          • speak-numeral
          • speak-punctuation
          • speech-rate
          • stress
          • voice-family
          • volume
    • C. Character Entities
      • C.1. ASCII Character Set
      • C.2. Nonstandard Entities (‚-Ÿ)
      • C.3. Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1)
      • C.4. Latin Extended-A
      • C.5. Latin Extended-B
      • C.6. Spacing Modifier Letters
      • C.7. Greek
      • C.8. General Punctuation
      • C.9. Letter-like Symbols
      • C.10. Arrows
      • C.11. Mathematical Operators
      • C.12. Miscellaneous Technical Symbols
      • C.13. Geometric Shapes
      • C.14. Miscellaneous Symbols
    • D. Specifying Color
      • D.1. Specifying Color by RGB Values
        • D.1.1. The Hexadecimal System
          • D.1.1.1. Converting decimal to hexadecimal
          • D.1.1.2. Hexadecimal values for web palette colors
        • D.1.2. RGB Colors in CSS
        • D.1.3. RGB Colors in HTML
      • D.2. Specifying Colors by Name
        • D.2.1. Standard Color Names
        • D.2.2. CSS Extended Color Names
    • E. Microformats: Extending (X)HTML
      • E.1. Extending HTML 4 and XHTML
      • E.2. Semantic Class Names
        • E.2.1. Publishing Contact Information with hCard
        • E.2.2. Publishing Events with hCalendar
      • E.3. Link Relationships
        • E.3.1. XHTML Friends Network
        • E.3.2. Other Link Relationships
      • E.4. More Microformats
  • Glossary
  • About the Author
  • Colophon
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