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Spis treści

Seeking SRE. Conversations About Running Production Systems at Scale eBook -- spis treści

• Introduction
  • And So It Begins...
  • Origin Story
  • Voices
  • Forward in All Directions!1
  • Acknowledgments
• I. SRE Implementation
• 1. Context Versus Control in SRE
• 2. Interviewing Site Reliability Engineers
  • Interviewing 101
    • Who Is Involved
    • Industry Versus University
    • Biases
    • The Funnel
  • SRE Funnels
    • Phone Screens
      • Conducting a phone screen
    • The Onsite Interview
      • Coding and system questions
      • Deep dives and architecture questions
      • Cultural interviews
    • Take-Home Questions
    • Advice for Hiring Managers
      • Selling candidates
      • Walking away
  • Final Thoughts on Interviewing SREs
  • Further Reading
• 3. So, You Want to Build an SRE Team?
  • Choose SRE for the Right Reasons
  • Orienting to a Data-Driven Approach
  • Commitment to SRE
  • Making a Decision About SRE
• 4. Using Incident Metrics to Improve SRE at Scale
  • The Virtuous Cycle to the Rescue: If You Dont Measure It
  • Metrics Review: If a Metric Falls in the Forest
  • Surrogate Metrics
  • Repair Debt
  • Virtual Repair Debt: Exorcising the Ghost in the Machine
  • Real-Time Dashboards: The Bread and Butter of SRE
  • Learnings: TL;DR
  • Further Reading
• 5. Working with Third Parties Shouldnt Suck
  • Build, Buy, or Adopt?
    • Establish Importance
    • Identify Stakeholders
    • Make a Decision
    • Acknowledge Reality
      • Is this a core competency?
      • Integration timeline?
      • Project Operating Expense and Abandonment Expense
  • Third Parties as First-Class Citizens
    • When Theyre Down, Youre Down
      • Direct impact
      • Indirect impact
    • Running the Black Box Like a Service
    • Service-Level Indicators, Service-Level Objectives, and SLAs
      • SLIs on black boxes
        • Polling API informs SLIs
        • Real-time data informs SLIs
        • Synthetic monitoring informs SLIs
        • RUM informs SLIs
      • SLOs
        • Negotiating SLAs with vendors
    • Playbook: From Staging to Production
      • Testing and staging
      • Monitoring
        • Uses for synthetic monitoring
        • Uses for RUM
      • Tooling
      • Automation
      • Logging
      • Disaster planning
      • Communication
      • Decommissioning
  • Closing Thoughts
• 6. How to Apply SRE Principles Without Dedicated SRE Teams
  • SREs to the Rescue! (and How They Failed)
    • A Matter of Scale in Terms of Headcount
    • The Embedded SRE
  • You Build It, You Run It
    • The Deployment Platform
    • Closing the Loop: Take Your Own Pager
    • Introducing Production Engineering
  • Some Implementation Details
    • Developers Productivity and Health Versus the Pager
    • Resolving Cross-Team Reliability Issues by Using Postmortems
    • Uniform Infrastructure and Tooling Versus Autonomy and Innovation
    • Getting Buy-In
  • Conclusion
  • Further Reading
• 7. SRE Without SRE: The Spotify Case Study
  • Tabula Rasa: 20062007
    • Prelude
    • Key Learnings
  • Beta and Release: 20082009
    • Prelude
    • Bringing Scalability and Reliability to the Forefront
    • Key Learnings
  • The Curse of Success: 2010
    • Prelude
    • A New Ownership Model
      • The dev owner role
      • The ops owner role
    • Formalizing Core Services
    • Blessed Deployment Time Slots
    • On-Call and Alerting
      • Not completely pain-free
    • Spawning Off Internal Office Support
    • Addressing the Remaining Top Concerns
      • Long lead times
      • Unintentional specialization and misalignment
      • Interruptions
      • Introducing the goalie role
    • Creating Detectives
    • Key Learnings
  • Pets and Cattle, and Agile: 2011
    • Prelude
    • Forming Bad Habits
    • Breaking Those Bad Habits
    • Key Learnings
  • A System That Didnt Scale: 2012
    • Prelude
    • Manual Work Hits a Cliff
    • Key Learnings
  • Introducing Ops-in-Squads: 20132015
    • Prelude
      • Lightening the manual load
    • Building on Trust
    • Driving the Paradigm Shift
    • Key Learnings
  • Autonomy Versus Consistency: 20152017
    • Prelude
    • Benefits
    • Trade-Offs
    • Key Learnings
  • The Future: Speed at Scale, Safely
• 8. Introducing SRE in Large Enterprises
  • Background
  • Introducing SRE
    • Defining Current State
      • Start by defining the roles and responsibilities of traditional functions in the organization to understand the landscape
      • Prepare the business case: personalize and evaluate the cost of having engineering resources responsible for reliability
      • Prepare the business case: calculate cost of similar resources doing duplicate work
      • To establish a roadmap for what products SRE will be responsible for, survey the current infrastructure landscape
    • Identifying and Educating Stakeholders
      • Start having conversations with leaders and champions in the organization
      • Defining SRE
    • Presenting the Business Case
    • Implementing the SRE Team
      • Setting goals and defining metrics of success
      • Growing the team: insource or outsource?
      • Insourcing experienced talent: rotating engineering team members
      • SRE throughout the development cycle
      • Defining the role of supporting divisions
    • Lessons Learned
    • Sample Implementation Roadmap
  • Closing Thoughts
  • Further Reading
• 9. From SysAdmin to SRE in 8,963 Words
  • Clarifying Terminology
    • Service-Level Indicator
    • SLA
    • Service-Level Objective
  • Establishing SLAs for Internal Components
  • Understanding External Dependencies
  • Nontechnical Solutions
  • Tracking Availability Level
  • Dealing with Corner Cases
  • Conclusion
• 10. Clearing the Way for SRE in the Enterprise
  • Toil, the Enemy of SRE
  • Toil in the Enterprise
  • Silos, Queues, and Tickets
    • Silos Get in the Way
    • Ticket-Driven Request Queues Are Expensive
  • Take Action Now
  • Start by Leaning on Lean
  • Get Rid of as Many Handoffs as Possible
  • Replace Remaining Handoffs with Self-Service
    • Self-Service Is More Than a Button
    • Self-Service Helps SREs in Multiple Ways
    • Operations as a Service
  • Error Budgets, Toil Limits, and Other Tools for Empowering Humans
    • Error Budgets
    • Toil Limits
    • Leverage Existing Enthusiasm for DevOps
    • Unify Backlogs and Protect Capacity
    • Psychological Safety and Human Factors
  • Join the Movement
• 11. SRE Patterns Loved by DevOps People Everywhere
  • Pattern 1: Birth of Automated Testing at Google
  • Pattern 2: Launch and Handoff Readiness Review at Google
  • Pattern 3: Create a Shared Source Code Repository
  • Conclusion
  • Further Reading and Source Material
• 12. DevOps and SRE: Voices from the Community
  • Background
  • Method
  • Results
  • Replies
• 13. Production Engineering at Facebook
• II. Near Edge SRE
• 14. In the Beginning, There Was Chaos
  • The Problem with Systems
  • Economic Pillars of Complexity
  • Beginning Chaos
  • Navigating Complexity for Safety
  • Chaos Goes Big
  • Formalization
  • Advanced Principles
  • Frequently Asked Questions
  • Conclusion
• 15. The Intersection of Reliability and Privacy
  • The Intersection of Reliability and Privacy
  • The General Landscape of Privacy Engineering
  • Privacy and SRE: Common Approaches
    • Reducing Toil
      • Automation
      • Default behavior for shared architectures
      • Frameworks
    • Efficient and Deliberate Problem Solving
      • Solve challenges once
      • Find and address root causes
    • Relationship Management
    • Early Intervention and Education Through Evangelism
  • Nuances, Differences, and Trade-Offs
  • Conclusion
  • Further Reading
• 16. Database Reliability Engineering
  • Guiding Principles of the Database Reliability Engineer
    • Protect the Data
    • Self-Service for Scale
    • Databases Are Not Special
  • A Culture of Database Reliability Engineering
  • Recoverability
    • Considerations for Recovery
    • Anatomy of a Recovery Strategy
    • Building Block 1: Detection
      • User error
      • Application errors
      • Infrastructure services
      • Operating system and hardware errors
    • Building Block 2: Diverse Storage
      • Online, high-performance storage
      • Online, low-performance storage
      • Offline storage
      • Object storage
    • Building Block 3: A Varied Toolbox
      • Full physical backups
      • Incremental physical backups
      • Full and incremental logical backups
      • Object stores
    • Building Block 4: Testing
    • Championing Recovery Reliability
  • Continuous Delivery: From Development to Production
    • Education and Collaboration
      • Architecture
      • Data model
      • Best practices and standards
      • Tools
  • Collaboration
  • Deployment
    • Migrations and Versioning
    • Impact Analysis
    • Migration Patterns
      • Migration testing
      • Rollback testing
    • Championing CD
  • Making the Case for DBRE
  • Further Reading
• 17. Engineering for Data Durability
  • Replication Is Table Stakes
    • Backups
      • Restoration
      • Freshness
    • Replication
      • Estimating durability
  • Real-World Durability
    • Isolation
      • Physical isolation
      • Logical isolation
      • Operational isolation
  • Protection
    • Testing
    • Safeguards
    • Recovery
  • Verification
    • The Power of Zero
    • Verification Coverage
      • Disk Scrubber
      • Index Scanner
      • Storage Watcher
    • Watching the Watchers
  • Automation
    • Window of Vulnerability
    • Operator Fatigue
    • Reliability
  • Conclusion
• 18. Introduction to Machine Learning for SRE
  • Why Use Machine Learning for SRE?
  • Why and How Should My Company Be Engaging in This?
    • Some SRE Problems Machine Learning Can Help Solve
  • The Awakening of Applied AI
  • What Is Machine Learning?
    • What Do We Mean by Learning?
    • From Chess to Go: How Deep Can We Dive?
    • Why Now? What Changed for Us?
  • What Are Neural Networks?
    • Neurons and Neural Networks
    • How and When Should We Apply Neural Networks?
    • What Kinds of Data Can We Use?
  • Practical Machine Learning
    • Popular Libraries for Neural Networks
    • Practical Machine Learning Examples
      • Installing Python, IPython, and Jupyter Notebook
      • Decision trees
      • A neural network from scratch
      • Using TensorFlow and TensorBoard
      • Time series: server requests waiting
  • Success Stories
  • Further Reading
    • My GitHub Repository
    • Recommended Books
• III. SRE Best Practices and Technologies
• 19. Do Docs Better: Integrating Documentation into the Engineering Workflow
  • Defining Quality: What Do Good Docs Look Like?
    • Functional Requirements for SRE Documentation
      • Service overviews
      • Playbooks
      • Postmortems
      • Policies
      • SLAs
      • Defining success metrics
  • Integrating Docs into the Engineering Workflow
    • The Google Experience: g3doc and EngPlay
    • What We Learned
      • Where possible, documentation should live in source control, alongside its associated code
      • Pick the simplest markup language that supports your needs
      • Integrations are key to adoption
  • Doing Docs Better: Best Practices
    • Create Templates for Each Documentation Type
    • Better > Best: Set Realistic Standards for Quality
    • Require Docs as Part of Code Review
    • Ruthlessly Prune Your Docs
    • Recognize and Reward Documentation
  • Communicating the Value of Documentation
  • Further Reading
• 20. Active Teaching and Learning
  • Active Learning
    • Active Learning Example: Wheel of Misfortune
    • Active Learning Example: Incident Manager (a Card Game)
    • Active Learning Example: SRE Classroom
  • The Costs of Failing to Learn
  • Learning Habits of Effective SRE Teams
    • Production Meetings
    • Postmortems
  • A Call to Action: Ditch the Boring Slides
• 21. The Art and Science of the Service-Level Objective
  • Why Set Goals?
  • Availability
    • Time Quanta
    • Transactions
    • Transactions over Time Quanta
  • On Evaluating SLOs
  • Histograms
  • Where Percentiles Fall Down (and Histograms Step Up)
  • Parting Thought: Looking at SLOs Upside Down
  • Further Reading
• 22. SRE as a Success Culture
  • Where Did SRE Come From?
  • Key Values for SRE
    • Keeping the Site Up
      • Isolated failure domains
      • Redundant systems
      • Graduated degradation
    • Empowering Teams to Do the Right Thing
    • Approaching Operations as an Engineering Problem
    • Achieving Business Success Through Promises (Service Levels)
      • Progression in Service-Level Execution
  • Critical Enabling Functions of SRE
    • Monitoring, Metrics, and KPIs
    • Incident Management and Emergency Response
    • Capacity Planning and Demand Forecasting
    • Performance Analysis and Optimization
    • Provisioning, Change Management, and Velocity
  • Phases of SRE Execution
    • Phase 1: Firefighting/Reactive
    • Phase 2: Gatekeepers
    • Phase 3: Advocates/Partners
    • Phase 4: Catalytic
    • Complications of Differing Phases
  • Focus on the Details of Success
  • Further Reading
• 23. SRE Antipatterns
  • Antipattern 1: Site Reliability Operations
  • Antipattern 2: Humans Staring at Screens
  • Antipattern 3: Mob Incident Response
  • Antipattern 4: Root Cause = Human Error
  • Antipattern 5: Passing the Pager
  • Antipattern 6: Magic Smoke Jumping!
  • Antipattern 7: Alert Reliability Engineering
  • Antipattern 8: Hiring a Dog-Walker to Tend Your Pets
  • Antipattern 9: Speed-Bump Engineering
  • Antipattern 10: Design Chokepoints
  • Antipattern 11: Too Much Stick, Not Enough Carrot
  • Antipattern 12: Postponing Production
  • Antipattern 13: Optimizing Failure Avoidance Rather Than Recovery Time (MTTF > MTTR)
  • Antipattern 14: Dependency Hell
  • Antipattern 15: Ungainly Governance
  • Antipattern 16: Ill-Considered SLOh-Ohs
  • Antipattern 17: Tossing Your API Over the Firewall
  • Antipattern 18: Fixing the Ops Team
  • So, Thats It, Then?
• 24. Immutable Infrastructure and SRE
  • Scalability, Reliability, and Performance
  • Failure Recovery
  • Simpler Operations
  • Faster Startup Times
  • Known State
  • Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment with Confidence
  • Security
  • Multiregion Operations
  • Release Engineering
  • Building the Base Image
  • Deploying Applications
  • Disadvantages
  • Conclusion
• 25. Scriptable Load Balancers
  • Scriptable Load Balancers: The New Kid on the Block
    • Why Scriptable Load Balancers?
  • Making the Difficult Easy
    • Shard-Aware Routing
      • Routing requests with DNS
      • Routing queries in the application
      • Routing requests in the application
      • Routing requests with a scriptable load balancer
    • Harnessing Potential
    • Case Study: Intermission
  • Service-Level Middleware
    • Middleware to the Rescue
    • APIs of Service-Level Middleware
    • Case Study: WAF/Bot Mitigation
  • Avoiding Disaster
    • Getting Clever with State
    • Case Study: Checkout Queue
  • Looking to the Future and Further Reading
• 26. The Service Mesh: Wrangler of Your Microservices?
  • Ready to Get Rid of the Monolith?
  • Current State of Microservice Networking
  • Service Mesh to the Rescue
    • The Benefits of a Sidecar Proxy
    • Eventually Consistent Service Discovery
    • Observability and Alarming
    • Sidecar Performance Implications
    • Thin Libraries and Context Propagation
    • Configuration Management (Control Plane Versus Data Plane)
  • The Service Mesh in Practice
    • The Origin and Development of Envoy at Lyft
    • Operating Envoy at Lyft
      • Operational learnings
      • Development learnings
      • Technical learnings
  • The Future of the Service Mesh
  • Further Reading
• IV. The Human Side of SRE
• 27. Psychological Safety in SRE
  • The Primary Indicator of a Successful Team
    • How to Build Psychological Safety into Your Own Team
      • Make respect part of your teams culture
      • Make space for people to take chances
      • Make it obvious when your team is doing well
      • Make your communication clear and your expectations explicit
      • Make your team feel safe
      • Why are operations teams more likely to feel unsafe than other engineering teams?
        • We love interrupts and the torrents of information
        • On-call and operations
        • Cognitive overload
        • Imaginary expectations
        • Operations teams are bad at estimating their level of psychological safety
  • Further Reading
• 28. SRE Cognitive Work
  • Introduction
  • What Do SRE People Do?
  • Why Should We Care About Practitioner Cognition?
    • Critical Decisions Made Under Uncertainty and Time Pressure Cannot Be Scripted
    • Human Performance in Modern Complex Systems: The Main Themes
  • Observations on SRE Cognitive Work Around Incidents
    • Every Incident Could Have Been Worse
    • Sacrifice Decisions Take Place Under Uncertainty
    • Repairs to Functional Systems
    • Special Knowledge About Complex Systems
    • Managing the Costs of Coordination
      • Classification schemes
      • Formal role assignments
    • SREs Are Cognitive Agents Working in a Joint Cognitive System
  • The Calibration Problem
    • Mental Models
    • Incidents Trigger Individual Recalibration
    • Incidents Are Opportunities for Collective Recalibration
  • What Are the Implications of All This?
    • Incidents Will Continue
    • Incidents Will Impose Costs
    • Incident Patterns Will Change
    • Incidents Point to Specific Calibration Problems and Locations
  • What Should Happen Next?
    • Build a Corpus of Cases
    • Focus on Making Automation a Team Player in SRE Work
    • Address the Calibration Problem
  • What Can You Do?
  • Conclusion
  • References
• 29. Beyond Burnout
  • Defining Mental Disorders
  • Mental Disorders Are Missing from the Diversity Conversation
  • Sanity Isnt a Business Requirement
  • Thoughts and Prayers Arent Scalable
  • Full-Stack Inclusivity
    • Application
    • Interviewing
    • Compensation
    • Benefits
    • Onboarding
    • Working Conditions
    • Job Duties
    • Training
    • Promotion
    • Leaving
  • Inclusivity for Anyone Helps Everyone
  • Mental Disorder Resources
• 30. Against On-Call: A Polemic
  • The Rationale for On-Call
    • First, Do No Harm
    • Parallels with SRE
    • Differences with SRE
    • Underlying Assumptions Driving On-Call for Engineers
    • On-Call Is Emergency Medicine Instead of Ward Medicine
    • Counterarguments
  • The Cost to Humans of Doing On-Call
    • We dont need another hero
  • Actual Solutions
    • Training
    • Prioritization
      • Accommodations
      • Compensation
      • Flexible schedules
      • Recovery
      • Exclusion backlash
    • Improving On-the-Job Performance
      • Cognitive hacks
  • We Need a Fundamental Change in Approach
    • Strong-Anti-On-Call
    • Weak-Anti-On-Call
    • A Union of the Two
  • Conclusion
• 31. Elegy for Complex Systems
  • The Computer and Human Systems Cannot Be Separated
  • Decoherence and Cascading Failure
  • Always in a State of Partial Failure
  • Novelty Priority Inversion
  • Nobody Anticipates the Overhead of Coordination
  • Your healthcare.gov Is Out There
    • To Get Involved
  • Further Reading
• 32. Intersections Between Operations and Social Activism
  • Before, During, After
    • Creating the Perfect Plan
    • Principles of Organizing
      • Principles 1 and 2 (interfaces and incident command)
      • Principles 3 and 4 (blameless retrospectives and psychological safety)
    • Managing Crisis: Responding When Things Break Down
      • Handling chaos: contrast in responses during the July 8 KKK rally
      • Preparing for the worst: handling terror at Unite the Right
      • The corollary to trust is forgiveness
    • Writing Our Own History: Making Sense of What Went Down
      • Charlottesville in review: assigning and avoiding blame
      • Beyond culpability: building capacity instead of assigning blame
  • The Long Tail: Turning Action into Change
    • Activism and Change Within a Company
  • Conclusion
• 33. Conclusion
• Index