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Spis treści

Scaling Machine Learning with Spark eBook -- spis treści

• Preface
  • Who Should Read This Book?
  • Do You Need Distributed Machine Learning?
  • Navigating This Book
  • What Is Not Covered
  • The Environment and Tools
    • The Tools
    • The Datasets
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • OReilly Online Learning
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
• 1. Distributed Machine Learning Terminology and Concepts
  • The Stages of the Machine Learning Workflow
  • Tools and Technologies in the Machine Learning Pipeline
  • Distributed Computing Models
    • General-Purpose Models
      • MapReduce
      • MPI
      • Barrier
      • Shared memory
    • Dedicated Distributed Computing Models
  • Introduction to Distributed Systems Architecture
    • Centralized Versus Decentralized Systems
    • Interaction Models
      • Client/server
      • Peer-to-peer
      • Geo-distributed
    • Communication in a Distributed Setting
      • Asynchronous
      • Synchronous
  • Introduction to Ensemble Methods
    • High Versus Low Bias
    • Types of Ensemble Methods
    • Distributed Training Topologies
      • Centralized ensemble learning
      • Decentralized decision trees
      • Centralized, distributed training with parameter servers
      • Centralized, distributed training in a P2P topology
  • The Challenges of Distributed Machine Learning Systems
    • Performance
      • Data parallelism versus model parallelism
      • Combining data parallelism and model parallelism
      • Deep learning
    • Resource Management
    • Fault Tolerance
    • Privacy
    • Portability
  • Setting Up Your Local Environment
    • Chapters 26 Tutorials Environment
    • Chapters 710 Tutorials Environment
  • Summary
• 2. Introduction to Spark and PySpark
  • Apache Spark Architecture
  • Intro to PySpark
  • Apache Spark Basics
    • Software Architecture
      • Creating a custom schema
      • Key Spark data abstractions and APIs
      • DataFrames are immutable
    • PySpark and Functional Programming
    • Executing PySpark Code
  • pandas DataFrames Versus Spark DataFrames
  • Scikit-Learn Versus MLlib
  • Summary
• 3. Managing the Machine Learning Experiment Lifecycle with MLflow
  • Machine Learning Lifecycle Management Requirements
  • What Is MLflow?
    • Software Components of the MLflow Platform
    • Users of the MLflow Platform
  • MLflow Components
    • MLflow Tracking
      • Using MLflow Tracking to record runs
      • Logging your dataset path and version
    • MLflow Projects
    • MLflow Models
    • MLflow Model Registry
      • Registering models
      • Transitioning between model stages
  • Using MLflow at Scale
  • Summary
• 4. Data Ingestion, Preprocessing, and Descriptive Statistics
  • Data Ingestion with Spark
    • Working with Images
      • Image format
      • Binary format
    • Working with Tabular Data
  • Preprocessing Data
    • Preprocessing Versus Processing
    • Why Preprocess the Data?
    • Data Structures
    • MLlib Data Types
    • Preprocessing with MLlib Transformers
      • Working with text data
      • From nominal categorical features to indices
      • Structuring continuous numerical data
      • Additional transformers
    • Preprocessing Image Data
      • Extracting labels
      • Transforming labels to indices
      • Extracting image size
    • Save the Data and Avoid the Small Files Problem
      • Avoiding small files
      • Image compression and Parquet
  • Descriptive Statistics: Getting a Feel for the Data
    • Calculating Statistics
    • Descriptive Statistics with Spark Summarizer
    • Data Skewness
    • Correlation
      • Pearson correlation
      • Spearman correlation
  • Summary
• 5. Feature Engineering
  • Features and Their Impact on Models
  • MLlib Featurization Tools
    • Extractors
    • Selectors
    • Example: Word2Vec
  • The Image Featurization Process
    • Understanding Image Manipulation
      • Grayscale
      • Defining image boundaries using image gradients
    • Extracting Features with Spark APIs
      • pyspark.sql.functions: pandas_udf and Python type hints
      • pyspark.sql.GroupedData: applyInPandas and mapInPandas
  • The Text Featurization Process
    • Bag-of-Words
    • TF-IDF
    • N-Gram
    • Additional Techniques
  • Enriching the Dataset
  • Summary
• 6. Training Models with Spark MLlib
  • Algorithms
  • Supervised Machine Learning
    • Classification
      • MLlib classification algorithms
      • Implementing multilabel classification support
      • What about imbalanced class labels?
    • Regression
      • Recommendation systems
      • ALS for collaborative filtering
  • Unsupervised Machine Learning
    • Frequent Pattern Mining
    • Clustering
  • Evaluating
    • Supervised Evaluators
    • Unsupervised Evaluators
  • Hyperparameters and Tuning Experiments
    • Building a Parameter Grid
    • Splitting the Data into Training and Test Sets
    • Cross-Validation: A Better Way to Test Your Models
  • Machine Learning Pipelines
    • Constructing a Pipeline
    • How Does Splitting Work with the Pipeline API?
  • Persistence
  • Summary
• 7. Bridging Spark and Deep Learning Frameworks
  • The Two Clusters Approach
  • Implementing a Dedicated Data Access Layer
    • Features of a DAL
    • Selecting a DAL
  • What Is Petastorm?
    • SparkDatasetConverter
    • Petastorm as a Parquet Store
  • Project Hydrogen
    • Barrier Execution Mode
    • Accelerator-Aware Scheduling
  • A Brief Introduction to the Horovod Estimator API
  • Summary
• 8. TensorFlow Distributed Machine Learning Approach
  • A Quick Overview of TensorFlow
    • What Is a Neural Network?
    • TensorFlow Cluster Process Roles and Responsibilities
  • Loading Parquet Data into a TensorFlow Dataset
  • An Inside Look at TensorFlows Distributed Machine Learning Strategies
    • ParameterServerStrategy
    • CentralStorageStrategy: One Machine, Multiple Processors
    • MirroredStrategy: One Machine, Multiple Processors, Local Copy
    • MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy: Multiple Machines, Synchronous
    • TPUStrategy
    • What Things Change When You Switch Strategies?
  • Training APIs
    • Keras API
      • MobileNetV2 transfer learning case study
      • Training the Keras MobileNetV2 algorithm from scratch
    • Custom Training Loop
    • Estimator API
  • Putting It All Together
  • Troubleshooting
  • Summary
• 9. PyTorch Distributed Machine Learning Approach
  • A Quick Overview of PyTorch Basics
    • Computation Graph
    • PyTorch Mechanics and Concepts
  • PyTorch Distributed Strategies for Training Models
    • Introduction to PyTorchs Distributed Approach
    • Distributed Data-Parallel Training
    • RPC-Based Distributed Training
      • Remote execution
      • Remote references
        • Using RRefs to orchestrate distributed algorithms
        • Identifying objects by reference
      • Distributed autograd
      • The distributed optimizer
    • Communication Topologies in PyTorch (c10d)
      • Collective communication in PyTorch
      • Peer-to-peer communication in PyTorch
    • What Can We Do with PyTorchs Low-Level APIs?
  • Loading Data with PyTorch and Petastorm
  • Troubleshooting Guidance for Working with Petastorm and Distributed PyTorch
    • The Enigma of Mismatched Data Types
    • The Mystery of Straggling Workers
  • How Does PyTorch Differ from TensorFlow?
  • Summary
• 10. Deployment Patterns for Machine Learning Models
  • Deployment Patterns
    • Pattern 1: Batch Prediction
    • Pattern 2: Model-in-Service
    • Pattern 3: Model-as-a-Service
    • Determining Which Pattern to Use
    • Production Software Requirements
  • Monitoring Machine Learning Models in Production
    • Data Drift
    • Model Drift, Concept Drift
    • Distributional Domain Shift (the Long Tail)
    • What Metrics Should I Monitor in Production?
    • How Do I Measure Changes Using My Monitoring System?
      • Define a reference
      • Measure the reference against fresh metrics values
      • Algorithms to use for measuring
    • What It Looks Like in Production
  • The Production Feedback Loop
  • Deploying with MLlib
    • Production Machine Learning Pipelines with Structured Streaming
  • Deploying with MLflow
    • Defining an MLflow Wrapper
    • Deploying the Model as a Microservice
    • Loading the Model as a Spark UDF
  • How to Develop Your System Iteratively
  • Summary
• Index