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Spis treści

Mastering Ethereum. Building Smart Contracts and DApps eBook -- spis treści

• Preface
  • How to Use This Book
  • Intended Audience
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Code Examples
  • Using Code Examples
  • References to Companies and Products
  • Ethereum Addresses and Transactions in this Book
  • OReilly Safari
  • How to Contact Us
    • Contacting Andreas
    • Contacting Gavin
  • Acknowledgments by Andreas
  • Acknowledgments by Gavin
  • Contributions
  • Sources
• Quick Glossary
• 1. What Is Ethereum?
  • Compared to Bitcoin
  • Components of a Blockchain
  • The Birth of Ethereum
  • Ethereums Four Stages of Development
  • Ethereum: A General-Purpose Blockchain
  • Ethereums Components
    • Further Reading
  • Ethereum and Turing Completeness
    • Turing Completeness as a Feature
    • Implications of Turing Completeness
  • From General-Purpose Blockchains to Decentralized Applications (DApps)
  • The Third Age of the Internet
  • Ethereums Development Culture
  • Why Learn Ethereum?
  • What This Book Will Teach You
• 2. Ethereum Basics
  • Ether Currency Units
  • Choosing an Ethereum Wallet
  • Control and Responsibility
  • Getting Started with MetaMask
    • Creating a Wallet
    • Switching Networks
    • Getting Some Test Ether
    • Sending Ether from MetaMask
    • Exploring the Transaction History of an Address
  • Introducing the World Computer
  • Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs) and Contracts
  • A Simple Contract: A Test Ether Faucet
  • Compiling the Faucet Contract
  • Creating the Contract on the Blockchain
  • Interacting with the Contract
    • Viewing the Contract Address in a Block Explorer
    • Funding the Contract
    • Withdrawing from Our Contract
  • Conclusions
• 3. Ethereum Clients
  • Ethereum Networks
    • Should I Run a Full Node?
    • Full Node Advantages and Disadvantages
    • Public Testnet Advantages and Disadvantages
    • Local Blockchain Simulation Advantages and Disadvantages
  • Running an Ethereum Client
    • Hardware Requirements for a Full Node
    • Software Requirements for Building and Running a Client (Node)
    • Parity
      • Installing Parity
    • Go-Ethereum (Geth)
      • Cloning the repository
      • Building Geth from source code
  • The First Synchronization of Ethereum-Based Blockchains
    • Running Geth or Parity
    • The JSON-RPC Interface
      • Paritys Geth compatibility mode
  • Remote Ethereum Clients
    • Mobile (Smartphone) Wallets
    • Browser Wallets
      • MetaMask
      • Jaxx
      • MyEtherWallet (MEW)
      • MyCrypto
      • Mist
  • Conclusions
• 4. Cryptography
  • Keys and Addresses
  • Public Key Cryptography and Cryptocurrency
  • Private Keys
    • Generating a Private Key from a Random Number
  • Public Keys
    • Elliptic Curve Cryptography Explained
    • Elliptic Curve Arithmetic Operations
    • Generating a Public Key
    • Elliptic Curve Libraries
  • Cryptographic Hash Functions
    • Ethereums Cryptographic Hash Function: Keccak-256
    • Which Hash Function Am I Using?
  • Ethereum Addresses
    • Ethereum Address Formats
    • Inter Exchange Client Address Protocol
    • Hex Encoding with Checksum in Capitalization (EIP-55)
      • Detecting an error in an EIP-55 encoded address
  • Conclusions
• 5. Wallets
  • Wallet Technology Overview
    • Nondeterministic (Random) Wallets
    • Deterministic (Seeded) Wallets
    • Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets (BIP-32/BIP-44)
    • Seeds and Mnemonic Codes (BIP-39)
  • Wallet Best Practices
    • Mnemonic Code Words (BIP-39)
      • Generating mnemonic words
      • From mnemonic to seed
      • Optional passphrase in BIP-39
      • Working with mnemonic codes
    • Creating an HD Wallet from the Seed
    • HD Wallets (BIP-32) and Paths (BIP-43/44)
      • Extended public and private keys
      • Hardened child key derivation
      • Index numbers for normal and hardened derivation
      • HD wallet key identifier (path)
      • Navigating the HD wallet tree structure
  • Conclusions
• 6. Transactions
  • The Structure of a Transaction
  • The Transaction Nonce
    • Keeping Track of Nonces
    • Gaps in Nonces, Duplicate Nonces, and Confirmation
    • Concurrency, Transaction Origination, and Nonces
  • Transaction Gas
  • Transaction Recipient
  • Transaction Value and Data
    • Transmitting Value to EOAs and Contracts
    • Transmitting a Data Payload to an EOA or Contract
  • Special Transaction: Contract Creation
  • Digital Signatures
    • The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
    • How Digital Signatures Work
      • Creating a digital signature
    • Verifying the Signature
    • ECDSA Math
    • Transaction Signing in Practice
    • Raw Transaction Creation and Signing
    • Raw Transaction Creation with EIP-155
  • The Signature Prefix Value (v) and Public Key Recovery
  • Separating Signing and Transmission (Offline Signing)
  • Transaction Propagation
  • Recording on the Blockchain
  • Multiple-Signature (Multisig) Transactions
  • Conclusions
• 7. Smart Contracts and Solidity
  • What Is a Smart Contract?
  • Life Cycle of a Smart Contract
  • Introduction to Ethereum High-Level Languages
  • Building a Smart Contract with Solidity
    • Selecting a Version of Solidity
    • Download and Install
    • Development Environment
    • Writing a Simple Solidity Program
    • Compiling with the Solidity Compiler (solc)
  • The Ethereum Contract ABI
    • Selecting a Solidity Compiler and Language Version
  • Programming with Solidity
    • Data Types
    • Predefined Global Variables and Functions
      • Transaction/message call context
      • Transaction context
      • Block context
      • address object
      • Built-in functions
    • Contract Definition
    • Functions
    • Contract Constructor and selfdestruct
    • Adding a Constructor and selfdestruct to Our Faucet Example
    • Function Modifiers
    • Contract Inheritance
    • Error Handling (assert, require, revert)
    • Events
      • Catching events
    • Calling Other Contracts (send, call, callcode, delegatecall)
      • Creating a new instance
      • Addressing an existing instance
      • Raw call, delegatecall
  • Gas Considerations
    • Avoid Dynamically Sized Arrays
    • Avoid Calls to Other Contracts
    • Estimating Gas Cost
  • Conclusions
• 8. Smart Contracts and Vyper
  • Vulnerabilities and Vyper
  • Comparison to Solidity
    • Modifiers
    • Class Inheritance
    • Inline Assembly
    • Function Overloading
    • Variable Typecasting
    • Preconditions and Postconditions
  • Decorators
  • Function and Variable Ordering
  • Compilation
  • Protecting Against Overflow Errors at the Compiler Level
  • Reading and Writing Data
  • Conclusions
• 9. Smart Contract Security
  • Security Best Practices
  • Security Risks and Antipatterns
  • Reentrancy
    • Real-World Example: The DAO
  • Arithmetic Over/Underflows
    • Real-World Examples: PoWHC and Batch Transfer Overflow (CVE-201810299)
  • Unexpected Ether
    • Further Examples
  • DELEGATECALL
    • Real-World Example: Parity Multisig Wallet (Second Hack)
  • Default Visibilities
    • Real-World Example: Parity Multisig Wallet (First Hack)
  • Entropy Illusion
    • Real-World Example: PRNG Contracts
  • External Contract Referencing
    • Real-World Example: Reentrancy Honey Pot
  • Short Address/Parameter Attack
  • Unchecked CALL Return Values
    • Real-World Example: Etherpot and King of the Ether
  • Race Conditions/Front Running
    • Real-World Examples: ERC20 and Bancor
  • Denial of Service (DoS)
    • Real-World Examples: GovernMental
  • Block Timestamp Manipulation
    • Real-World Example: GovernMental
  • Constructors with Care
    • Real-World Example: Rubixi
  • Uninitialized Storage Pointers
    • Real-World Examples: OpenAddressLottery and CryptoRoulette Honey Pots
  • Floating Point and Precision
    • Real-World Example: Ethstick
  • Tx.Origin Authentication
  • Contract Libraries
  • Conclusions
• 10. Tokens
  • How Tokens Are Used
  • Tokens and Fungibility
  • Counterparty Risk
  • Tokens and Intrinsicality
  • Using Tokens: Utility or Equity
    • Its a Duck!
    • Utility Tokens: Who Needs Them?
  • Tokens on Ethereum
    • The ERC20 Token Standard
      • ERC20 required functions and events
      • ERC20 optional functions
      • The ERC20 interface defined in Solidity
      • ERC20 data structures
      • ERC20 workflows: transfer and approve & transferFrom
      • ERC20 implementations
    • Launching Our Own ERC20 Token
      • Interacting with METoken using the Truffle console
      • Sending ERC20 tokens to contract addresses
      • Demonstrating the approve & transferFrom workflow
    • Issues with ERC20 Tokens
    • ERC223: A Proposed Token Contract Interface Standard
    • ERC777: A Proposed Token Contract Interface Standard
      • ERC777 hooks
    • ERC721: Non-fungible Token (Deed) Standard
  • Using Token Standards
    • What Are Token Standards? What Is Their Purpose?
    • Should You Use These Standards?
    • Security by Maturity
  • Extensions to Token Interface Standards
  • Tokens and ICOs
  • Conclusions
• 11. Oracles
  • Why Oracles Are Needed
  • Oracle Use Cases and Examples
  • Oracle Design Patterns
  • Data Authentication
  • Computation Oracles
  • Decentralized Oracles
  • Oracle Client Interfaces in Solidity
  • Conclusions
• 12. Decentralized Applications (DApps)
  • What Is a DApp?
    • Backend (Smart Contract)
    • Frontend (Web User Interface)
    • Data Storage
      • IPFS
      • Swarm
    • Decentralized Message Communications Protocols
  • A Basic DApp Example: Auction DApp
    • Auction DApp: Backend Smart Contracts
      • DApp governance
    • Auction DApp: Frontend User Interface
  • Further Decentralizing the Auction DApp
  • Storing the Auction DApp on Swarm
    • Preparing Swarm
    • Uploading Files to Swarm
  • The Ethereum Name Service (ENS)
    • History of Ethereum Name Services
    • The ENS Specification
    • Bottom Layer: Name Owners and Resolvers
      • The Namehash algorithm
      • How to choose a valid name
      • Root node ownership
      • Resolvers
    • Middle Layer: The .eth Nodes
      • Vickrey auctions
    • Top Layer: The Deeds
    • Registering a Name
    • Managing Your ENS Name
      • Creating an ENS subdomain
    • ENS Resolvers
    • Resolving a Name to a Swarm Hash (Content)
  • From App to DApp
  • Conclusions
• 13. The Ethereum Virtual Machine
  • What Is the EVM?
    • Comparison with Existing Technology
    • The EVM Instruction Set (Bytecode Operations)
    • Ethereum State
    • Compiling Solidity to EVM Bytecode
    • Contract Deployment Code
    • Disassembling the Bytecode
  • Turing Completeness and Gas
  • Gas
    • Gas Accounting During Execution
    • Gas Accounting Considerations
    • Gas Cost Versus Gas Price
      • Negative gas costs
    • Block Gas Limit
      • Who decides what the block gas limit is?
  • Conclusions
• 14. Consensus
  • Consensus via Proof of Work
  • Consensus via Proof of Stake (PoS)
  • Ethash: Ethereums Proof-of-Work Algorithm
  • Casper: Ethereums Proof-of-Stake Algorithm
  • Principles of Consensus
  • Controversy and Competition
  • Conclusions
• A. Ethereum Fork History
  • Ethereum Classic (ETC)
  • The Decentralized Autonomous Organization (The DAO)
  • The Reentrancy Bug
    • Technical Details
    • Attack Flow
  • The DAO Hard Fork
    • Timeline of the DAO Hard Fork
  • Ethereum and Ethereum Classic
    • The EVM
    • Core Network Development
  • Other Notable Ethereum Forks
• B. Ethereum Standards
  • Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs)
  • Table of Most Important EIPs and ERCs
• C. Ethereum EVM Opcodes and Gas Consumption
• D. Development Tools, Frameworks, and Libraries
  • Frameworks
    • Truffle
      • Installing the Truffle framework
      • Integrating a prebuilt Truffle project (Truffle Box)
      • Creating a truffle project directory
      • Configuring truffle
      • Using truffle to deploy a contract
      • Truffle migrationsunderstanding deployment scripts
      • Using the Truffle console
    • Embark
    • OpenZeppelin
    • ZeppelinOS
  • Utilities
    • EthereumJS helpeth: A Command-Line Utility
    • dapp.tools
    • SputnikVM
  • Libraries
    • web3.js
    • web3.py
    • EthereumJS
    • web3j
    • EtherJar
    • Nethereum
    • ethers.js
    • Emerald Platform
  • Testing Smart Contracts
    • On-Blockchain Testing
    • Ganache: A Local Test Blockchain
• E. web3.js Tutorial
  • Description
  • web3.js Contract Basic Interaction in a Nonblocked (Async) Fashion
    • Node.js Script Execution
  • Reviewing the Demo Script
  • Contract Interaction
  • Asynchronous Operation with Await
• F. Short Links Reference
  • Smart Contract Security
  • Tokens
• Index