Distributed Tracing in Practice. Instrumenting, Analyzing, and Debugging Microservices - Helion

ebook

Autor: Austin Parker, Daniel Spoonhower, Jonathan Mace
ISBN: 978-14-920-5658-4
stron: 330, Format: ebook
Data wydania: 2020-04-13
Księgarnia: Helion

Cena książki: 211,65 zł (poprzednio: 246,10 zł)
Oszczędzasz: 14% (-34,45 zł)

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Tagi: Techniki programowania

Most applications today are distributed in some fashion. Monitoring the health and performance of these distributed architectures requires a new approach. Enter distributed tracing, a method of profiling and monitoring applications—especially those that use microservice architectures. There’s just one problem: distributed tracing can be hard. But it doesn’t have to be.

With this practical guide, you’ll learn what distributed tracing is and how to use it to understand the performance and operation of your software. Key players at Lightstep walk you through instrumenting your code for tracing, collecting the data that your instrumentation produces, and turning it into useful, operational insights. If you want to start implementing distributed tracing, this book tells you what you need to know.

You’ll learn:

The pieces of a distributed tracing deployment: Instrumentation, data collection, and delivering value
Best practices for instrumentation (the methods for generating trace data from your service)
How to deal with or avoid overhead, costs, and sampling
How to work with spans (the building blocks of request-based distributed traces) and choose span characteristics that lead to valuable traces
Where distributed tracing is headed in the future

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Spis treści

Distributed Tracing in Practice. Instrumenting, Analyzing, and Debugging Microservices eBook -- spis treści

Foreword
Introduction: What Is Distributed Tracing?
- Distributed Architectures and You
- Deep Systems
- The Difficulties of Understanding Distributed Architectures
- How Does Distributed Tracing Help?
- Distributed Tracing and You
- Conventions Used in This Book
- Using Code Examples
- OReilly Online Learning
- How to Contact Us
- Acknowledgments
1. The Problem with Distributed Tracing
- The Pieces of a Distributed Tracing Deployment
- Distributed Tracing, Microservices, Serverless, Oh My!
- The Benefits of Tracing
- Setting the Table
2. An Ontology of Instrumentation
- White Box Versus Black Box
- Application Versus System
- Agents Versus Libraries
- Propagating Context
  - Interprocess Propagation
  - Intraprocess Propagation
- The Shape of Distributed Tracing
  - Tracing-Friendly Microservices and Serverless
  - Tracing in a Monolith
  - Tracing in Web and Mobile Clients
3. Open Source Instrumentation: Interfaces, Libraries, and Frameworks
- The Importance of Abstract Instrumentation
- OpenTelemetry
- OpenTracing and OpenCensus
  - OpenTracing
  - OpenCensus
- Other Notable Formats and Projects
  - X-Ray
  - Zipkin
- Interoperability and Migration Strategies
- Why Use Open Source Instrumentation?
  - Interoperability
  - Portability
  - Ecosystem and Implicit Visibility
4. Best Practices for Instrumentation
- Tracing by Example
  - Installing the Sample Application
  - Adding Basic Distributed Tracing
  - Custom Instrumentation
- Where to StartNodes and Edges
  - Framework Instrumentation
  - Service Mesh Instrumentation
  - Creating Your Service Graph
- Whats in a Span?
  - Effective Naming
  - Effective Tagging
  - Effective Logging
  - Understanding Performance Considerations
- Trace-Driven Development
  - Developing with Traces
  - Testing with Traces
- Creating an Instrumentation Plan
  - Making the Case for Instrumentation
  - Instrumentation Quality Checklist
  - Knowing When to Stop Instrumenting
  - Smart and Sustainable Instrumentation Growth
5. Deploying Tracing
- Organizational Adoption
  - Start Close to Your Users
  - Start Centrally: Load Balancers and Gateways
  - Leverage Infrastructure: RPC Frameworks and Service Meshes
  - Make Adoption Repeatable
- Tracer Architecture
  - In-Process Libraries
  - Sidecars and Agents
  - Collectors
  - Centralized Storage and Analysis
  - Incremental Deployment
- Data Provenance, Security, and Federation
  - Frontend Service Telemetry
  - Server-Side Telemetry for Managed Services
6. Overhead, Costs, and Sampling
- Application Overhead
  - Latency
  - Throughput
- Infrastructure Costs
  - Network
  - Storage
- Sampling
  - Minimum Requirements
  - Strategies
    - Up-front sampling
    - Response-based sampling
    - Centralized sampling decisions
  - Selecting Traces
- Off-the-Shelf ETL Solutions
7. A New Observability Scorecard
- The Three Pillars Defined
  - Metrics
    - Types of metrics: Counters and gauges
    - Metrics tools
  - Logging
    - Logging conventions
  - Distributed Tracing
- Fatal Flaws of the Three Pillars
  - Design Goals
    - Accounting for every transaction
    - Immunity from cardinality issues
    - Cost growing proportionally with business value
  - Assessing the Three Pillars
    - Fatal flaws in metrics
    - Fatal flaw in logging
    - Fatal flaws in distributed tracing
  - Three Pipes (Not Pillars)
- Observability Goals and Activities
  - Two Goals in Observability
  - Two Fundamental Activities in Observability
  - A New Scorecard
    - Statistical fidelity
    - Cardinality limits
    - Volume limits
    - Time limits
    - Provide context
    - Prioritize by impact
    - Automate correlation
  - The Path Ahead
8. Improving Baseline Performance
- Measuring Performance
  - Percentiles
  - Histograms
- Defining the Critical Path
- Approaches to Improving Performance
  - Individual Traces
  - Biased Sampling and Trace Comparison
  - Trace Search
  - Multimodal Analysis
  - Aggregate Analysis
  - Correlation Analysis
9. Restoring Baseline Performance
- Defining the Problem
- Human Factors
  - (Avoiding) Finger-Pointing
  - Suppressing the Messenger
  - Incident Hand-off
  - Good Postmortems
- Approaches to Restoring Performance
  - Integration with Alerting Workflows
  - Individual Traces
  - Biased Sampling
  - Real-Time Response
  - Knowing Whats Normal
  - Aggregate and Correlation Root Cause Analysis
10. Are We There Yet? The Past and Present
- Distributed Tracing: A History of Pragmatism
  - Request-Based Systems
  - Response Time Matters
  - Request-Oriented Information
- Notable Work
  - Pinpoint
  - Magpie
  - X-Trace
  - Dapper
- Where to Next?
11. Beyond Individual Requests
- The Value of Traces in Aggregate
  - Example 1: Is Network Congestion Affecting My Application?
  - Example 2: What Services Are Required to Serve an API Endpoint?
- Organizing the Data
  - A Strawperson Solution
- What About the Trade-offs?
- Sampling for Aggregate Analysis
- The Processing Pipeline
- Incorporating Heterogeneous Data
- Custom Functions
  - Joining with Other Data Sources
- Recap and Case Study
  - The Value of Traces in Aggregate
  - Organizing the Data
  - Sampling for Aggregate Analysis
  - The Processing Pipeline
  - Incorporating Heterogeneous Data
12. Beyond Spans
- Why Spans Have Prevailed
  - Visibility
  - Pragmatism
  - Portability
  - Compatibility
  - Flexibility
- Why Spans Arent Enough
  - Graphs, Not Trees
  - Inter-Request Dependencies
  - Decoupled Dependencies
  - Distributed Dataflow
  - Machine Learning
  - Low-Level Performance Metrics
- New Abstractions
- Seeing Causality
13. Beyond Distributed Tracing
- Limitations of Distributed Tracing
  - Challenge 1: Anticipating Problems
  - Challenge 2: Completeness Versus Costs
  - Challenge 3: Open-Ended Use Cases
- Other Tools Like Distributed Tracing
- Census
  - A Motivating Example
  - A Distributed Tracing Solution?
  - Tag Propagation and Local Metric Aggregation
  - Comparison to Distributed Tracing
- Pivot Tracing
  - Dynamic Instrumentation
  - Recurring Problems
  - How Does It Work?
  - Dynamic Context
  - Comparison to Distributed Tracing
- Pythia
  - Performance Regressions
  - Design
  - Overheads
  - Comparison to Distributed Tracing
14. The Future of Context Propagation
- Cross-Cutting Tools
- Use Cases
  - Distributed Tracing
  - Cross-Component Metrics
  - Cross-Component Resource Management
  - Managing Data Quality Trade-offs
  - Failure Testing of Microservices
  - Enforcing Cross-System Consistency
  - Request Duplication
  - Record Lineage in Stream Processing Systems
  - Auditing Security Policies
  - Testing in Production
- Common Themes
- Should You Care?
- The Tracing Plane
  - Is Baggage Enough?
  - Beyond Key-Value Pairs
  - Compiling BDL
  - BaggageContext
  - Merging
  - Overheads
A. The State of Distributed Tracing Circa 2020
- Open Source Tracers and Trace Analysis
- Commercial Tracers and Trace Analyzers
- Language-Specific Tracing Features
  - Java and C#
  - Go, Rust, and C++
  - Python, JavaScript, and Other Dynamic Languages
B. Context Propagation in OpenTelemetry
- Why a Separate Context Model?
- The OpenTelemetry Context Model
  - W3C CorrelationContext and the Correlations API
  - Distributed and Local Context
- Examples and Potential Applications
Bibliography
Index