Continuous Deployment - Helion

ebook

Autor: Valentina Servile
ISBN: 9781098146689
stron: 446, Format: ebook
Data wydania: 2024-07-25
Księgarnia: Helion

Cena książki: 211,65 zł (poprzednio: 246,10 zł)
Oszczędzasz: 14% (-34,45 zł)

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Methods of delivering software are constantly evolving in order to increase speed to market without sacrificing reliability and stability. Mastering development end to end, from version control to production, and building production-ready code is now more important than ever. Continuous deployment takes it one step further. This method for delivering software automates the final step to production and enables faster feedback and safer releases.

Based on years of work with medium to large organizations at Thoughtworks, author Valentina Servile explains how to perform safe and reliable deployments with no manual gate to production. You'll learn a framework to perform incremental, safe releases during everyday development work, structured exclusively around the challenges of continuous deployment in nontrivial, distributed systems. Complete with interviews and case studies from fellow industry professionals.

Close the feedback loop and leverage the production environment to manage your end-to-end development lifecycle efficiently. This book helps you:

Take observability, performance, test automation, and security into account when splitting work into increments
Create a daily development plan that takes immediate deployments to production into account
Deploy work in progress to production incrementally without causing regressions
Use patterns to refactor live functionality and alter persistence layers
Test and release features in production using different feature toggle configurations

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Spis treści

Continuous Deployment eBook -- spis treści

Foreword
Preface
- Who This Book Is For
- What You Need to Read This Book
- What This Book Will Cover
- Conventions Used in This Book
- OReilly Online Learning
- How to Contact Us
- Acknowledgments
I. Continuous Deployment
1. Continuous Deployment
- Deploying Every Few Months or Years
- Deploying Every Few Days
- Deploying Continuously
- eXtreme Programming
  - If It Hurts, Do It More Often
    - Smaller, less-painful batches
    - Incentive for automation
- DevOps
  - The Barrier Between Dev and Ops
  - Joining Dev and Ops
  - Automation, Automation, Automation
- Continuous Integration
- Continuous Delivery
- A Final Gate to Production
  - One Step Further: Continuous Deployment
  - Implementation
- Implications
- Is It Dangerous?
- Summary
2. Benefits
- One-Piece Flow and Lean Manufacturing
  - Origins of Lean Manufacturing
    - Batch production
    - One-piece flow
      - Reducing batch sizes
      - Lowering transaction costs
  - Lean and Software Development
    - Inventory in software
    - Batches in software
    - Lowering transaction cost in software
      - One commit = one artifact with continuous integration
      - One commit = one preproduction deployment with continuous delivery
      - One commit = one production deployment with continuous deployment
    - Continuous flow ratio
- DORA Metrics
  - Throughput Metrics
    - Deployment frequency
    - Lead time for changes
  - Stability Metrics
    - Mean time to recover
    - Change failure rate
- Shifting Quality Left
  - How Continuous Deployments Force a Quality Shift to the Left
  - The Effects of Automating Quality Gates
- Summary
3. The Mindset Shift
- Defining a Change Versus Applying a Change
- Hiding Work in Progress
  - Version Control Branches
  - Execution Branches
    - Feature toggles
      - Implementation
      - Benefits
      - What about static feature toggles?
    - Expand and contract
      - Implementation
      - Benefits
    - Feature toggles versus expand and contract by type of change
    - A conclusion on hiding work in progress
- Distributed Systems
  - Contracts Between Systems
    - Formal contracts
    - Informal contracts
- Contracts Between Paths to Production
  - Adding New Features: When Order Matters
    - With a gate to production: Order of deployment
    - Without a gate to production: Order of development
    - Feature toggles
  - Refactoring: When Timing Matters
    - With a gate to production: Timing of deployment
    - Without a gate to production: Timing of development
      - Antipattern: Delaying integration
      - Antipattern: Pausing pipelines
    - Expand and contract
- A Deployment Is Not a Release
  - Releases
  - Deployments
  - Differences
  - Overlap
- End-to-End Delivery Life Cycle
  - Without Continuous Deployment
    - Doing
    - QA
    - Done
    - Implications
  - With Continuous Deployment
    - Doing
    - QA
    - Done
    - Implications
- Summary
4. You Must Be This Tall
- Cross-Functional, Autonomous Teams
  - Fast Decision Making
  - Implementation Autonomy
  - Frequent Integration
    - Short-lived branches
    - Short-lived branches versus feature branches
    - Trunk-based development
  - Frequent Code Reviews
    - Pull requests
    - Pair programming
    - Psychological safety
  - Automated Code Analysis
  - Test Automation
    - The testing pyramid model
    - The Swiss cheese model
    - Test-first
    - Outside-in
    - What about legacy?
  - Zero-Downtime Deployments
    - Blue/green deployments
    - Rolling deployments
    - Canary deployments
    - Deployment strategies and manual steps
      - Antipattern example: Blue/green as a QA tool
      - Antipattern example: Partial deployments as a canary release tool
  - Observability and Monitoring
    - Alerts
    - Information versus noise
- Stakeholder Trust
  - How Do We Convince the Boss?
  - When Are We Ready?
- Summary
5. Challenges
- Systems That Are Sensitive to Deployments
  - Interruption of Long-Running Processes
    - Mitigation: Switch to messaging or event-based architectures
      - Instances whose job is to complete jobs
  - Sticky Sessions
    - Mitigation: Keep state external
  - Invalidation of Client-Side Caches
    - Mitigation: Be deliberate about your caching policies
  - Scaling Interruptions
    - Mitigation: Keep application startup time low
    - Mitigation: Introduce more generous scaling policies
    - Mitigation: Perform pre-scaling
  - A Constant Stream of Cold Instances
    - Mitigation: Use external caches
- User-Installed Software
  - Desktop Applications
    - Mitigation: Introduce self-applying updates
  - Mobile Apps
    - Mitigation: Shift control to the server side
      - Web views
      - Progressive web apps
      - Server-driven UIs
  - Appliances and Other Devices
  - Libraries and Frameworks
- Regulated Industries
- Cognitive Load
  - Overly Busy Path to Production
    - Mitigation: Break your monoliths
    - Mitigation: Rethink your teams and domains
  - Inattention During Deployments
    - Mitigation: Use good alerting
    - Mitigation: Keep your pipelines fast
    - Mitigation: Shift mindset around development
  - Breadth of Knowledge Required
    - Mitigation: Introduce comprehensive training programs
  - Steep Onboarding Curve
    - Mitigation: Use pair programming and mob programming
  - Scheduling Development Work
    - Mitigation: Core development hours
    - Mitigation: Perform team code reviews
- Summary
II. Before Development
6. Slicing Upcoming Work
- Horizontal Versus Vertical Slicing
  - Horizontal Slicing
  - Vertical Slicing
- With Continuous Deployment
- Effective Vertical Slicing
  - MVP
  - INVEST
  - Small Slices
- Example: The Groceroo Company
  - The Feature: Last-Minute Items
  - The User Interface
  - The Admin Interface
  - The Problems of Implementing with Horizontal Slicing
    - Task 1: Persistence layer
    - Task 2: Backend layer
      - Create and modify items
      - Add to basket logic
    - Task 3: Frontend layer
      - Carousel
      - Admin interface
      - Feature toggle
  - Implementation with Vertical Slicing
    - User story 1: Add a simple carousel
    - User story 2: Make the carousel configurable
    - User story 3: One-click add to basket
    - User story 4: Add to basket by different quantities
- Summary
7. Building for Production
- Deployability Requirements
  - Hiding with Feature Toggles
    - New top-level toggle
    - New nested toggle
    - Under existing toggle
  - Hiding with Expand and Contract
    - Alternative system
    - Alternative operation
    - Alternative field
    - Generify field type
  - Hiding in Version Control Branch
  - Unhidden
  - Pausing the Pipeline
- Testability Requirements
  - High-Level Automated Tests
  - Manual Exploratory Testing
- Observability Requirements
  - Maintaining Logs and Metrics
  - Maintaining Dashboards and Alerts
- Security Requirements
  - New User Input
  - Storing New Data
  - New Dependencies
  - New Infrastructure
- Performance Requirements
  - New Network Requests
  - Data Size
  - Persistence Layer
- A (More) Complete User Story Template
- Example: Adding CFRs to Groceroo User Stories
  - User Story 1: Add Simple Carousel
    - Deployability requirements
    - Testability requirements
    - Observability requirements
    - Security requirements
    - Performance requirements
  - User Story 2: Admin Area
    - Deployability requirements
    - Testability requirements
    - Observability requirements
    - Security requirements
    - Performance requirements
  - User Story 3: Add to Basket Button
    - Deployability requirements
    - Testability requirements
    - Observability requirements
    - Security requirements
    - Performance requirements
  - User Story 4: Quantity Selector
    - Deployability
    - Testability
    - Observability
    - Security
    - Performance
- Summary
III. During Development
8. Adding New Features
- Our User Story
- The Groceroo Application
  - Current State
  - Target State
    - Frontend
    - Backend
    - Persistence
  - How Do We Get There?
    - Feature toggles
    - Multiple layers: Outside in
  - Implementing with a Feature Toggle
    - Deployment 1: Introducing the toggle
    - Deployment 2: Adding code in the UI layer
    - Deployment 3: Adding code in the backend layer
    - Deployment 4: Adding code in the persistence layer
    - Release
    - Deployment 5: Toggle cleanup
- Summary
9. Refactoring Live Features
- Our Task
- The Product Identifier System
  - The Problem
  - The Solution
- Current State
  - Frontend
  - Backend
  - Persistence
- Target State
  - Frontend
  - Backend
  - Persistence
- How Do We Get There?
  - Expand and Contract
  - Multiple Layers: Inside Out
- Implementing with Expand and Contract
  - Outer Expand Phase: The Product Table
    - Deployment 1: Expand the product table
  - Migrating the POST /product Endpoint
    - Deployment 2: Expanding the POST /product endpoint
    - Deployment 3: Migrating the POST /product endpoint
    - Deployment 4: Contracting the POST /product endpoint
  - Migrating the GET /product Endpoint
    - Deployment 5: Expanding the GET /product endpoint
    - Deployment 6: Migrating the GET /product endpoint
    - Deployment 7: Contracting the GET /product endpoint
  - Migrating the Basket Table
    - Deployment 8: Expanding the basket table
    - Deployment 9: Expanding the POST /basket endpoint
    - Deployment 10: Migrating the POST /basket endpoint
    - Deployment 11: Contracting the POST /basket endpoint
    - Deployment 12: Contracting the basket table
  - Outer Contract Phase: Cleaning Up the Product Table
    - Deployment 13: Contracting the product table
- Summary
10. Data and Data Loss
- Our Task
  - The Problem
  - The Solution
- Current State
  - Persistence
  - Backend
- Target State
  - Persistence
  - Backend
- How Do We Get There?
  - Failure Mode: Simultaneous Change
  - Failure Mode: Simple Expand and Contract
  - Solution: Temporary Database Trigger
  - Solution: Double-Write
    - Step 1: Expand the database column
    - Step 2: Double-write to both columns
    - Step 3: Synchronize the data
    - Step 4: Migrate write and read the columns
    - Step 5: Contract the columns
  - Solution: Double-Read
    - Step 1: Expand the database column
    - Step 2: Double-read and migrate write to both columns
    - Step 3: Synchronize the data
    - Step 4: Migrate the read
    - Step 5: Contract the old column
- Implementing with Double-Write
  - Deployment 1: Expand the Database Column
  - Deployment 2: Double-Write to Both Columns
  - Deployment 3: Synchronize the Data
  - Deployment 4: Migrate Write and Read to Both Columns
  - Deployment 5: Contract the Columns
- Implementing with Double-Read
  - Deployment 1: Expand the Database Column
  - Deployment 2: Double-Read and Migrate Write the Columns
  - Deployment 3: Synchronize the Data
  - Deployment 4: Migrate Read the Column
  - Deployment 5: Contract the Columns
- NoSQL
  - Migrate on Read
    - Migrate on read forever
    - Migrate on read and convert on write
  - Custom Batch Update
  - Conclusion on NoSQL
- Summary
IV. After Development
11. Testing in Production
- Why You Should Test in Production
  - Data Volume Accuracy
  - Data Shape Accuracy
  - Realistic Request Patterns
  - Realistic Incoming Traffic Volume
  - Realistic Outgoing Traffic Volume
  - Realistic Size and Number of Servers
  - Realistic Application Configuration
  - Realistic Network Configuration
  - Real Version of Other Teams Services
  - Real Version of Third-Party Services
  - Lower Cost
  - Better Data Hygiene
- How to Test in Production
  - Feature Toggle Activation Strategies
    - Query parameters
      - Where to use
      - When to use
    - Request headers
      - Where to use
      - When to use
    - Cookies
      - Where to use
      - When to use
    - User identifier
      - Where to use
      - When to use
    - User roles
      - Where to use
      - When to use
  - Challenges
    - Managing test data
      - Hiding test data
      - Preventing test data leakages
    - Debugging frontend code
      - The case for source maps in production
- Life After Staging
- Summary
12. Releasing
- Antipattern: Big Bang Releases
  - Comparing Before Versus After States
  - Comparing Simultaneous States
- Antipattern: Partial Releases Through Partial Deployments
- Using Feature Flags for Releases
  - Coordinating Feature Flag Releases in Distributed Systems
  - Antipattern: Independent Flag State for Each Service
  - Propagating Flag State Down the Call Chain
  - Centralized Feature Flag State
- Canary Releases
  - By Traffic Percentage
  - By Device
    - Per-device toggle
    - Backend-controlled toggle
  - By Country
  - By User Segment
- A/B Testing
  - Analytics
  - Experiment Best Practices
    - Test one variable at a time
    - Avoid test parallelism
    - Have a sufficient sample size
  - Schedule Delivery Around Experiments
  - Types of A/B Tests
    - Tests with two variants
    - Split or redirect tests
    - Multivariate tests
      - Full factorial
      - Fractional factorial
- Do You Need a Canary Release or an A/B Test?
- Summary
Conclusion and Next Steps
V. Case Studies
Case Study: AutoScout24
- AutoScout24s Context
- Adoption of Continuous Deployment at AutoScout24
  - Overcoming Organizational Obstacles
  - Overcoming Technical Obstacles
- AutoScout24s Implementation of Continuous Deployment
  - How AutoScout24 Makes Continuous Deployment Safe
    - Code review process
    - Test automation
    - Zero-downtime deployments
    - Observability
- How AutoScout24 Supports Junior Engineers
Case Study: OTTO
- OTTOs Context
- Adoption of Continuous Deployment at OTTO
  - Working with Organizational Barriers
  - Working with Technical Barriers
- OTTOs Implementation of Continuous Deployment
  - OTTOs Path to Production
  - How OTTO Makes Continuous Deployment Safe
    - Team culture
    - Resilience patterns
    - Test automation
    - Deployment strategy
    - The four-eyes principle
  - How OTTO Supports Junior Engineers with Continuous Deployment
  - Links and Resources
Case Study: N26
- N26s Context
- Adoption of Continuous Deployment at N26
  - Working Within Industry Regulations
  - Working with Technical Barriers
- N26s Implementation of Continuous Deployment
  - How N26 Makes Continuous Deployment Safe
    - Test automation
    - Deployment strategy
    - Four-eyes principle
    - Observability
  - How N26 Supports Junior Engineers
- Links and Resources
Case Study: ClimatePartner
- ClimatePartners Context
- Adoption of Continuous Deployment at ClimatePartner
- ClimatePartners Implementation of Continuous Deployment
  - How ClimatePartner Makes Continuous Deployment Safe
    - Test automation
    - Zero downtime
    - Feature toggles
    - Observability
    - Four-eyes principle
    - Testing in production
  - How ClimatePartner Supports Junior Engineers with Continuous Deployment
Case Study: Motability Operations
- Motability Operations Context
- Adoption of Continuous Deployment at Motability Operations
  - Working with Organizational Barriers
  - Working with technical barriers
- Motability Operations Implementation of Continuous Deployment
  - How Motability Makes Continuous Deployment Safe
    - Test automation
    - Zero-downtime deployments
    - Continuous code reviews
    - Observability
    - Feature flags
    - Encouraging contributions
  - How Motability Operations Supports Teams
    - Junior engineers
    - Hiring
    - Onboarding
Case Study: REA Group
- REAs Context
- Adoption of Continuous Deployment at REA
  - Overcoming organizational barriers
    - Overcoming technical barriers
- REAs Implementation of Continuous Deployment
  - How REA Makes Continuous Deployment Safe
    - Test automation
    - Zero-downtime deployments
    - Code reviews
    - Observability
  - How REA Supports Junior Engineers with Continuous Deployment
Case Study: Maze
- Mazes Context
- Adoption of Continuous Deployment at Maze
  - Overcoming Organizational Challenges
  - Overcoming Technical Challenges
- Mazes Implementation of Continuous Deployment
  - How Maze Makes Continuous Deployment Safe
  - How Maze Supports Junior Engineers with Continuous Deployment
Case Study: TravelPerk
- TravelPerks Context
- Adoption of Continuous Deployment at TravelPerk
- TravelPerks Implementation of Continuous Deployment
  - How TravelPerk Makes Continuous Deployment Safe
    - Hiding with work in progress
    - Code reviews
    - Automated tests
    - Zero downtime
    - Observability
  - How TravelPerk Onboards Engineers to Continuous Deployment
Index