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Spis treści

Cloud Native Data Center Networking. Architecture, Protocols, and Tools eBook -- spis treści

• Preface
  • Audience
  • How This Book Is Organized
  • Software Used in This Book
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • OReilly Online Learning
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
• 1. The Motivations for a New Network Architecture
  • The Application-Network Shuffle
  • The Network Design from the Turn of the Century
    • The Charms of Bridging
      • Hardware packet switching
      • Proprietary enterprise network stacks
      • The promise of zero configuration
    • Building Scalable Bridging Networks
      • Broadcast storms and the impact of Spanning Tree Protocol
      • The burden of flooding
      • Increasing bandwidth through per-VLAN spanning tree
      • Redundancy at the IP level
      • Mitigating failure: In-Service Software Upgrade
  • The Trouble with the Access-Aggregation-Core Network Design
    • Unscalability
    • Complexity
    • Failure Domain
    • Unpredictability
    • Inflexibility
    • Lack of Agility
  • The Stories Not Told
  • Summary
• 2. Clos: Network Topology for a New World
  • Introducing the Clos Topology
  • A Deeper Dive into the Clos Topology
    • Use of Homogeneous Equipment
    • Routing as the Fundamental Interconnect Model
    • Oversubscription in a Clos Topology
    • Interconnect Link Speeds
    • Practical Constraints
    • Fine-Grained Failure Domain
  • Scaling the Clos Topology
  • Comparing the Two Three-Tier Models
    • Application Matchup
    • Data Center Build Out
  • Implications of the Clos Topology
    • Rethinking Failures and Troubleshooting
    • Cabling
    • Simplified Inventory Management
    • Network Automation
  • Some Best Practices for a Clos Network
    • Use of Multiple Links Between Switches
    • Use of Spines as Only a Connector
    • Use of Chassis as a Spine Switch
  • Host Attach Models
  • Summary
  • References
• 3. Network Disaggregation
  • What Is Network Disaggregation?
  • Why Is Network Disaggregation Important?
    • Controlling Costs
    • Avoiding Vendor Lock-In
    • Standardization of Features
  • What Made Network Disaggregation Possible Now?
  • Difference in Network Operations with Disaggregation
    • Purchase and Support
    • First Boot
  • Open Network Installer Environment
    • How Does ONIE Work?
  • The Players in Network Disaggregation: Hardware
    • Packet-Switching Silicon
    • ODMs
    • CPU Complex
    • The Standards Bodies
  • Common Myths About Network Disaggregation
  • Some Best Practices for Engaging with Network Disaggregation
  • Summary
  • References
• 4. Network Operating System Choices
  • Requirements of a Network Device
  • The Rise of Software-Defined Networking and OpenFlow
    • More Details About SDN and OpenFlow
    • The Trouble with OpenFlow
    • OVS
    • The Effect of SDN and OpenFlow on Network Disaggregation
  • NOS Design Models
    • Location of Switch Network State
      • Vendor-specific user space model
      • Hybrid model
      • Complete kernel model
    • Programming the Switching Silicon
      • Switch Abstraction Interface
      • Switchdev
    • API
    • The Reasons Behind the Different Answers
  • User Interface
  • Comparing the NOS Models with Cloud Native NOS Requirements
    • Illustrating the Models with an Example
      • Ping
      • Running a different routing protocol
  • What Else Is Left for a NOS to Do?
  • Summary
  • References
• 5. Routing Protocol Choices
  • Routing Overview
    • How Routing Table Lookups Work
    • How Routes Are Chosen
    • Types of Routing Table Entries
    • RIB and FIB
  • Routing Protocols Overview
  • Distance Vector Protocols Versus Link-State Protocols
    • Distance Vector Dissected
    • Link-State Dissected
    • Summarizing Distance Vector Versus Link-State Route Exchange
  • Comparing Distance Vector and Link-State Protocols
    • Scaling in Link-State and Distance Vector Protocols
    • Multipathing in Distance Vector and Link-State Protocols
    • No News Is Good News
    • Propagation Delay in Link-State and Distance Vector Protocols
    • Multiprotocol Support
    • Unnumbered Interfaces
    • Routing Configuration Complexity
      • Who am I?
      • Whom do I talk to?
      • What do I tell them?
  • Routing Protocols in Clos Networks
    • Link-State Versus Distance Vector When Links or Nodes Fail
      • BGPs behavior in a Clos network
      • Link-state protocols behavior in a Clos network
    • Route Summarization in Clos Networks
    • Security and Safeguards
  • Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
  • Requirements of a Routing Protocol in the Data Center
    • Basic Requirements
    • Advanced Requirements
    • Rare or Futuristic Requirements
  • Choosing the Routing Protocol for Your Network
  • Summary
  • References
• 6. Network Virtualization
  • What Is Network Virtualization?
  • Uses of Network Virtualization in the Data Center
    • Forcing Traffic to Take a Certain Path
    • Applications That Require L2 Adjacency
    • Cloud
  • Separating Switch Management Network from Data Traffic
  • Network Virtualization Models
    • Service Abstraction: L2 or L3
      • L2 virtual networks
      • L3 virtual networks
    • Inline Versus Overlay Virtual Networks
  • Network Tunnels: The Fundamental Overlay Construct
    • Benefits of Network Tunnels
    • The Drawbacks of Network Tunnels
      • Packet load balancing
      • NIC behavior
      • Maximum transmission unit
      • Lack of visibility
  • Network Virtualization Solutions for the Data Center
    • VLAN
    • VRF
    • VXLAN
    • Other Network Virtualization Solutions
  • Practical Limits on the Number of Virtual Networks
    • Size of Virtual Network ID in Packet Header
    • Hardware Limitations
    • Scalability of Control Plane and Software
    • Deployment Model
  • Control Protocols for Network Virtualization
    • Relationship of Virtual and Physical Control Plane
    • The Centralized Control Model
    • The Protocol-Based Control Model
  • Vendor Support for Network Virtualization
    • Merchant Silicon
    • Software
    • Standards
  • Illustrating VXLAN Bridging and Routing
    • VXLAN Bridging Example: H1 to H5
      • Multidestination frame handling in VXLAN
    • VXLAN and Routing: H1 to H6
      • Support for multicast routing in overlay networks
    • Summarizing VXLAN Bridging and Routing
  • Summary
• 7. Container Networking
  • Introduction to Containers
  • Namespaces
    • Network Namespaces
  • Virtual Ethernet Interfaces
  • Container Networking: Diving In
    • Single-Host Container Networking
      • Bridge
      • Macvlan
    • Multihost Container Networking
      • Overlay network
      • Direct routing
  • Comparing Different Container Network Solutions
  • Kubernetes Networking
  • Summary
• 8. Multicast Routing
  • Multicast Routing: Overview
    • The Uses of Multicast Routing
  • Problems to Solve in Multicast Routing
    • Building a Multicast Tree
    • Multicast Routing Protocol
  • PIM Sparse Mode
    • Rendezvous Point
    • Building a Multicast Distribution Tree
      • Source starts first
      • Listener starts up first
      • How is the first packet trapped to the CPU?
    • Multiple RPs and MSDP
  • PIM-SM in the Data Center
    • PIM-SM and Unnumbered
  • Summary
• 9. Life on the Edge of the Data Center
  • The Problems
  • Connectivity Models
    • Why Connect to the External World?
    • Bandwidth Requirements for External Connectivity
    • Connecting the Clos Topology to the External World
    • Routing at the Edge
    • Services
  • Hybrid Cloud Connectivity
  • Summary
• 10. Network Automation
  • What Is Network Automation?
  • Who Needs Network Automation?
  • Does Network Automation Mean Learning Programming?
  • Why Is Network Automation Difficult?
    • The Trouble with IP Addresses and Interfaces
    • Scale
    • Network Protocol Configuration Complexity
    • Lack of Programmatic Access
    • Traditional Network OS Limitations
  • What Can Network Developers Do to Help Network Automation?
  • Tools for Network Automation
  • Automation Best Practices
  • Ansible: An Overview
    • Inventory
    • Playbooks
    • Ad Hoc Commands
    • Structuring Playbooks
  • A Typical Automation Journey
    • Glorified File Copy
    • Automate the Configuration That Was Not Device Specific
    • Template the Routing and Interface Configuration
    • More Templating and Roles
    • Some Observations from Fellow Journeymen
  • Validating the Configuration
    • Single Source of Truth
    • Commit/Rollback in the Age of Automation
    • Vagrant and Network Testing
    • Automating Verification
  • Summary
  • References
• 11. Network Observability
  • What Is Observability?
  • The Current State of Network Observability
    • The Disenchantments of SNMP
    • Box-by-Box Approach to Network Observability
  • Why Is Observability Difficult with Networking?
  • Observability in Data Center Networks: Special Characteristics
  • Decomposing Observability
  • The Mechanics of Telemetry
    • What Do We Gather?
    • How Do We Gather?
    • When Do We Gather?
    • Storing the Data
  • The Uses for Multiple Data Sources
  • Of Alerts and Dashboards
  • Summary
  • References
• 12. Rethinking Network Design
  • Standard, Simple Building Blocks
    • Network Disaggregation
  • Failure: Missing the Forest for the Trees
    • L2 Failure Model Versus L3 Failure Model
    • Simple Versus Complex Failures
    • Handling Upgrades
  • The Pursuit of Less
    • How the Right Architecture Helps
    • Feature Set Essentialism
  • Constraints on the Cloud Native Network Design Principles
  • Summary
• 13. Deploying OSPF
  • Why OSPF?
  • The Problems to Be Addressed
    • Determining Link-State Flooding Domains
    • Numbered Versus Unnumbered OSPF
    • Support for IPv6
    • Support for VRFs
    • Requirements for Running OSPF on Servers
  • OSPF Route Types
    • The Messiness of Stubbiness
  • OSPF Timers
  • Dissecting an OSPF Configuration
    • Configuration for Leaf-Spine in a Two-Tier Clos Topology: IPv4
    • Configuration for Leaf-Spine in a Two-Tier Clos Topology: IPv6
    • Configuration with Three-Tier Clos Running OSPF
    • Configuration with Servers Running OSPF: IPv4
    • Summarizing Routes in OSPF
    • OSPF and Upgrades
  • Best Practices
  • Summary
• 14. BGP in the Data Center
  • Basic BGP Concepts
    • BGP Protocol Overview
    • BGP Peering
    • BGP State Machine
    • Autonomous System Number
    • BGP Capabilities
    • BGP Attributes, Communities, Extended Communities
    • BGP Best-Path Computation
    • Support for Multiple Protocols
    • BGP Messages
  • Adapting BGP to the Data Center
    • eBGP Versus iBGP
    • eBGP: Flying Solo
    • Private ASNs
    • BGPs ASN Numbering Scheme
    • Multipath Selection
    • Fixing BGPs Convergence Time
  • Summary
• 15. Deploying BGP
  • Core BGP Configuration Concepts
  • Traditional Configuration for a Two-Tier Clos Topology: IPv4
  • Peer Group
  • Routing Policy
    • Route Maps: Implementation of Routing Policy
      • Classifiers in route maps
      • Writing secure route maps
      • Route maps in BGP
      • Effect of route maps on BGP processing
  • Providing Sane Defaults for the Data Center
  • BGP Unnumbered: Eliminating Pesky Interface IP Addresses
    • A remote-as by Any Name
    • How Unnumbered Interfaces Work with BGP
      • IPv6 link-local address
      • IPv6 router advertisement
      • RFC 5549
      • Packet forwarding with RFC 5549
      • FRR and RFC 5549
      • Interoperability
    • Final Observations on BGP Configuration in FRR
    • Unnumbered BGP Support in Routing Stacks
    • Summary
  • Configuring IPv6
  • BGP and VRFs
  • Peering with BGP Speakers on the Host
    • BGP Dynamic Neighbors
  • BGP and Upgrades
    • AS_PATH Prepend
    • GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN Community
    • Max-MED
  • Best Practices
  • Summary
• 16. EVPN in the Data Center
  • Why Is EVPN Popular?
  • The Problems a Network Virtualization Control Plane Must Address
  • Where Does a VTEP Reside?
  • One Protocol to Rule Them All, Or?
    • iBGP Characteristics
    • Separate Underlay and Overlay Protocols
    • eBGP Only
  • BGP Constructs to Support Virtual Network Routes
    • Route Distinguisher
    • Route Target
    • FRRs use of RD and RT
    • EVPN Route Types
    • Communicating Choice of BUM Handling
  • EVPN and Bridging
    • EVPN Bridging with Ingress Replication
    • EVPN Bridging with Routed Multicast Underlay
    • Handling MAC Moves
  • Support for Dual-Attached Hosts
    • Host-Switch Interconnect Model
    • VXLAN Model for Dual-Attached Hosts
    • Switch Peering Options
      • MLAG
      • EVPN support for multihoming
    • Handling Link Failures
    • Avoiding Duplicate Multidestination Frames
  • ARP/ND Suppression
  • EVPN and Routing
    • Centralized Versus Distributed Routing
    • Symmetric Versus Asymmetric Routing
    • Route Advertisements
    • The Use of VRFs
  • Deploying EVPN in Large Networks
  • Summary
• 17. Deploying Network Virtualization
  • The Configuration Scenarios
  • Device-Local Configuration
  • Single eBGP Session
  • OSPF Underlay, iBGP Overlay
    • allowas-in Versus Separate ASN
    • PIM/MSDP Configuration
  • EVPN on the Host
  • Best Practices
  • Summary
• 18. Validating Network Configuration
  • Validating the Network State
  • System Validation
  • Cabling Validation
    • Using Ansible to Validate Cabling
  • Interface Configuration Validation
    • Automating Interface Configuration Validation
  • Routing Configuration Validation
    • Validating an OSPF Configuration
      • Determining the originator of the default route
      • Automating OSPF validation
    • Validating a BGP Configuration
      • Determining the originator of the default route
    • Stripping the Private ASNs
      • Automating BGP validation
  • Validating Network Virtualization
    • Automating EVPN validation
  • Applications Network Validation
  • Data-Plane Validation
  • Summary
• 19. Coda
• Glossary
• Index