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Spis treści

Python in a Nutshell. 2nd Edition eBook -- spis treści

• Python in a Nutshell
• Preface
  • How This Book Is Organized
    • Part I, Getting Started with Python
    • Part II, Core Python Language and Built-ins
    • Part III, Python Library and Extension Modules
    • Part IV, Network and Web Programming
    • Part V, Extending and Embedding
  • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Reference Conventions
    • Typographic Conventions
  • Using Code Examples
  • How to Contact Us
  • Safari Enabled
  • Acknowledgments
• I. Getting Started with Python
  • 1. Introduction to Python
    • The Python Language
    • The Python Standard Library and Extension Modules
    • Python Implementations
      • CPython
      • Jython
      • IronPython
      • Choosing Between CPython, Jython, and IronPython
      • PyPy and Other Experimental Versions
      • Licensing and Price Issues
    • Python Development and Versions
    • Python Resources
      • Documentation
      • Newsgroups and Mailing Lists
      • Special-Interest Groups
      • Python Business Forum
      • Python Journal
      • Extension Modules and Python Sources
      • The Python Cookbook
      • Books and Magazines
  • 2. Installation
    • Installing Python from Source Code
      • Windows
        • Uncompressing and unpacking the Python source code
        • Building the Python source code with Microsoft Visual Studio 2003
        • Building Python for debugging
        • Installing after the build
        • Building Python for Cygwin
      • Unix-Like Platforms
        • Uncompressing and unpacking the Python source code
        • Configuring, building, and testing
        • Installing after the build
    • Installing Python from Binaries
      • Apple Macintosh
    • Installing Jython
    • Installing IronPython
  • 3. The Python Interpreter
    • The python Program
      • Environment Variables
      • Command-Line Syntax and Options
      • Interactive Sessions
    • Python Development Environments
      • IDLE
      • Other Free Cross-Platform Python IDEs
      • Platform-Specific Free Python IDEs
      • Commercial Python IDEs
      • Free Text Editors with Python Support
      • Tools for Checking Python Programs
    • Running Python Programs
    • The jython Interpreter
    • The IronPython Interpreter
• II. Core Python Language and Built-ins
  • 4. The Python Language
    • Lexical Structure
      • Lines and Indentation
      • Character Sets
      • Tokens
        • Identifiers
        • Keywords
        • Operators
        • Delimiters
        • Literals
      • Statements
        • Simple statements
        • Compound statements
    • Data Types
      • Numbers
        • Integer numbers
        • Floating-point numbers
        • Complex numbers
      • Sequences
        • Iterables
        • Strings
        • Tuples
        • Lists
      • Sets
      • Dictionaries
      • None
      • Callables
      • Boolean Values
    • Variables and Other References
      • Variables
        • Object attributes and items
        • Accessing nonexistent references
      • Assignment Statements
        • Plain assignment
        • Augmented assignment
      • del Statements
    • Expressions and Operators
      • Comparison Chaining
      • Short-Circuiting Operators
        • The Python 2.5 ternary operator
    • Numeric Operations
      • Numeric Conversions
      • Arithmetic Operations
        • Division
        • Exponentiation
      • Comparisons
      • Bitwise Operations on Integers
    • Sequence Operations
      • Sequences in General
        • Sequence conversions
        • Concatenation and repetition
        • Membership testing
        • Indexing a sequence
        • Slicing a sequence
      • Strings
      • Tuples
      • Lists
        • Modifying a list
        • In-place operations on a list
        • List methods
        • Sorting a list
    • Set Operations
      • Set Membership
      • Set Methods
    • Dictionary Operations
      • Dictionary Membership
      • Indexing a Dictionary
      • Dictionary Methods
    • The print Statement
    • Control Flow Statements
      • The if Statement
      • The while Statement
      • The for Statement
        • Iterators
        • range and xrange
        • List comprehensions
      • The break Statement
      • The continue Statement
      • The else Clause on Loop Statements
      • The pass Statement
      • The try and raise Statements
      • The with Statement
    • Functions
      • The def Statement
      • Parameters
      • Attributes of Function Objects
        • Docstrings
        • Other attributes of function objects
      • The return Statement
      • Calling Functions
        • The semantics of argument passing
        • Kinds of arguments
      • Namespaces
        • The global statement
        • Nested functions and nested scopes
      • lambda Expressions
      • Generators
        • Generator expressions
        • Generators in Python 2.5
      • Recursion
  • 5. Object-Oriented Python
    • Classes and Instances
      • Python Classes
      • The class Statement
      • The Class Body
        • Attributes of class objects
        • Function definitions in a class body
        • Class-private variables
        • Class documentation strings
      • Descriptors
        • Overriding and nonoverriding descriptors
      • Instances
        • _ _init_ _
        • Attributes of instance objects
        • The factory-function idiom
        • _ _new_ _
      • Attribute Reference Basics
        • Getting an attribute from a class
        • Getting an attribute from an instance
        • Setting an attribute
      • Bound and Unbound Methods
        • Unbound method details
        • Bound method details
      • Inheritance
        • Method resolution order
        • Overriding attributes
        • Delegating to superclass methods
        • Cooperative superclass method calling
        • Deleting class attributes
      • The Built-in object Type
      • Class-Level Methods
        • Static methods
        • Class methods
      • Properties
        • Why properties are important
        • Properties and inheritance
      • _ _slots_ _
      • _ _getattribute_ _
      • Per-Instance Methods
      • Inheritance from Built-in Types
    • Special Methods
      • General-Purpose Special Methods
      • Special Methods for Containers
        • Sequences
        • Mappings
        • Sets
        • Container slicing
        • Container methods
      • Special Methods for Numeric Objects
    • Decorators
    • Metaclasses
      • How Python Determines a Classs Metaclass
      • How a Metaclass Creates a Class
        • Defining and using your own metaclasses
        • A substantial custom metaclass example
  • 6. Exceptions
    • The try Statement
      • try/except
      • try/finally
      • Python 2.5 Exception-Related Enhancements
        • The try/except/finally statement
        • The with statement
        • Generator enhancements
    • Exception Propagation
    • The raise Statement
    • Exception Objects
      • The Hierarchy of Standard Exceptions
      • Standard Exception Classes
    • Custom Exception Classes
      • Custom Exceptions and Multiple Inheritance
      • Other Exceptions Used in the Standard Library
    • Error-Checking Strategies
      • LBYL Versus EAFP
        • Proper usage of EAFP
      • Handling Errors in Large Programs
      • Logging Errors
        • The logging module
      • The assert Statement
        • The _ _debug_ _ built-in variable
  • 7. Modules
    • Module Objects
      • The import Statement
        • Module body
        • Attributes of module objects
        • Python built-ins
        • Module documentation strings
        • Module-private variables
      • The from Statement
        • The from ... import * statement
        • from versus import
    • Module Loading
      • Built-in Modules
      • Searching the Filesystem for a Module
      • The Main Program
      • The reload Function
      • Circular Imports
      • sys.modules Entries
      • Custom Importers
        • Rebinding _ _import_ _
        • Import hooks
    • Packages
      • Special attributes of package objects
      • Absolute Versus Relative Imports
    • The Distribution Utilities (distutils)
      • Python Eggs
  • 8. Core Built-ins
    • Built-in Types
    • Built-in Functions
    • The sys Module
    • The copy Module
    • The collections Module
      • deque
      • defaultdict
    • The functional Module
    • The bisect Module
    • The heapq Module
    • The UserDict Module
    • The optparse Module
    • The itertools Module
  • 9. Strings and Regular Expressions
    • Methods of String Objects
    • The string Module
      • Locale Sensitivity
      • The maketrans Function
    • String Formatting
      • Format Specifier Syntax
      • Common String-Formatting Idioms
      • Template Strings
      • Text Wrapping and Filling
    • The pprint Module
    • The repr Module
    • Unicode
      • The codecs Module
      • The unicodedata Module
    • Regular Expressions and the re Module
      • Pattern-String Syntax
      • Common Regular Expression Idioms
      • Sets of Characters
      • Alternatives
      • Groups
      • Optional Flags
      • Match Versus Search
      • Anchoring at String Start and End
      • Regular Expression Objects
      • Match Objects
      • Functions of Module re
• III. Python Library and Extension Modules
  • 10. File and Text Operations
    • Other Chapters That Also Deal with Files
    • Organization of This Chapter
    • File Objects
      • Creating a File Object with open
        • File mode
        • Binary and text modes
        • Buffering
        • Sequential and nonsequential access
      • Attributes and Methods of File Objects
      • Iteration on File Objects
      • File-Like Objects and Polymorphism
      • The tempfile Module
    • Auxiliary Modules for File I/O
      • The fileinput Module
      • The linecache Module
      • The struct Module
    • The StringIO and cStringIO Modules
    • Compressed Files
      • The gzip Module
      • The bz2 Module
      • The tarfile Module
      • The zipfile Module
      • The zlib Module
    • The os Module
      • OSError Exceptions
      • The errno Module
    • Filesystem Operations
      • Path-String Attributes of the os Module
      • Permissions
      • File and Directory Functions of the os Module
      • The os.path Module
      • The stat Module
      • The filecmp Module
      • The shutil Module
      • File Descriptor Operations
    • Text Input and Output
      • Standard Output and Standard Error
      • The print Statement
      • Standard Input
      • The getpass Module
    • Richer-Text I/O
      • The readline Module
      • Console I/O
        • The curses package
        • The msvcrt Module
        • The WConio and Console modules
    • Interactive Command Sessions
      • Initializing a Cmd Instance
      • Methods of Cmd Instances
      • Attributes of Cmd Instances
      • A Cmd Example
    • Internationalization
      • The locale Module
      • The gettext Module
        • Using gettext for localization
        • Essential gettext functions
      • More Internationalization Resources
  • 11. Persistence and Databases
    • Serialization
      • The marshal Module
        • A marshaling example
      • The pickle and cPickle Modules
        • Functions of pickle and cPickle
        • A pickling example
        • Pickling instances
        • Pickling customization with the copy_reg module
      • The shelve Module
        • A shelving example
    • DBM Modules
      • The anydbm Module
      • The dumbdbm Module
      • The dbm, gdbm, and dbhash Modules
      • The whichdb Module
      • Examples of DBM-Like File Use
    • Berkeley DB Interfacing
      • Simplified and Complete BSD DB Python Interfaces
      • Module bsddb
      • Examples of Berkeley DB Use
    • The Python Database API (DBAPI) 2.0
      • Exception Classes
      • Thread Safety
      • Parameter Style
      • Factory Functions
      • Type Description Attributes
      • The connect Function
      • Connection Objects
      • Cursor Objects
      • DBAPI-Compliant Modules
      • Gadfly
      • SQLite
  • 12. Time Operations
    • The time Module
    • The datetime Module
      • Class date
      • Class time
      • Class datetime
      • Class timedelta
    • The pytz Module
    • The dateutil Module
    • The sched Module
    • The calendar Module
    • The mx.DateTime Module
      • Date and Time Types
      • The DateTime Type
        • Factory functions for DateTime
        • Methods of DateTime instances
        • Attributes of DateTime instances
        • Arithmetic on DateTime instances
      • The DateTimeDelta Type
        • Factory functions for DateTimeDelta
        • Methods of DateTimeDelta instances
        • Attributes of DateTimeDelta instances
        • Arithmetic on DateTimeDelta instances
      • Other Attributes
      • Submodules
  • 13. Controlling Execution
    • Dynamic Execution and the exec Statement
      • Avoiding exec
      • Expressions
      • Compile and Code Objects
      • Never exec nor eval Untrusted Code
    • Internal Types
      • Type Objects
      • The Code Object Type
      • The frame Type
    • Garbage Collection
      • The gc Module
      • The weakref Module
    • Termination Functions
    • Site and User Customization
      • The site and sitecustomize Modules
      • User Customization
  • 14. Threads and Processes
    • Threads in Python
    • The thread Module
    • The Queue Module
      • Methods of Queue Instances
      • Customizing Class Queue by Subclassing
    • The threading Module
      • Thread Objects
      • Thread Synchronization Objects
        • Timeout parameters
        • Lock and RLock objects
        • Condition objects
        • Event objects
        • Semaphore objects
      • Thread Local Storage
    • Threaded Program Architecture
    • Process Environment
    • Running Other Programs
      • Running Other Programs with the os Module
      • The Subprocess Module
        • What to run, and how: args, executable, shell
        • Subprocess files: stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize, universal_newlines, close_fds
        • Other arguments: preexec_fn, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags
        • Attributes of subprocess.Popen instances
        • Methods of subprocess.Popen instances
    • The mmap Module
      • Methods of mmap Objects
      • Using mmap Objects for IPC
  • 15. Numeric Processing
    • The math and cmath Modules
    • The operator Module
    • Random and Pseudorandom Numbers
      • Physically random and cryptographically strong random numbers
      • The random module
    • The decimal Module
    • The gmpy Module
  • 16. Array Processing
    • The array Module
    • Extensions for Numeric Array Computation
    • The Numeric Package
    • Array Objects
      • Typecodes
      • Shape and Indexing
      • Storage
      • Slicing
        • Slicing examples
        • Assigning to array slices
      • Truth Values and Comparisons of Arrays
      • Factory Functions
      • Attributes and Methods
      • Operations on Arrays
        • Broadcasting
        • In-place operations
      • Functions
    • Universal Functions (ufuncs)
      • The Optional output Argument
      • Callable Attributes
      • ufunc Objects Supplied by Numeric
      • Shorthand for Commonly Used ufunc Methods
    • Auxiliary Numeric Modules
  • 17. Tkinter GUIs
    • Tkinter Fundamentals
      • Dialogs
        • The tkMessageBox module
        • The tkSimpleDialog module
        • The tkFileDialog module
        • The tkColorChooser module
    • Widget Fundamentals
      • Common Widget Options
        • Color options
        • Length options
        • Options expressing numbers of characters
        • Other common options
      • Common Widget Methods
      • Tkinter Variable Objects
      • Tkinter Images
    • Commonly Used Simple Widgets
      • Button
      • Checkbutton
      • Entry
      • Label
      • Listbox
      • Radiobutton
      • Scale
      • Scrollbar
    • Container Widgets
      • Frame
      • Toplevel
    • Menus
      • Menu-Specific Methods
      • Menu Entries
      • Menu Example
    • The Text Widget
      • The ScrolledText Module
      • Text Widget Methods
      • Marks
      • Tags
      • Indices
      • Fonts
      • Text Example
    • The Canvas Widget
      • Canvas Methods on Items
      • The Line Canvas Item
      • The Polygon Canvas Item
      • The Rectangle Canvas Item
      • The Text Canvas Item
      • A Simple Plotting Example
    • Layout Management
      • The Packer
      • The Gridder
      • The Placer
    • Tkinter Events
      • The Event Object
      • Binding Callbacks to Events
      • Event Names
        • Keyboard events
        • Mouse events
      • Event-Related Methods
      • An Events Example
      • Other Callback-Related Methods
  • 18. Testing, Debugging, and Optimizing
    • Testing
      • Unit Testing and System Testing
      • The doctest Module
      • The unittest Module
        • The TestCase class
        • Unit tests dealing with large amounts of data
    • Debugging
      • Before You Debug
      • The inspect Module
        • An example of using inspect
      • The traceback Module
      • The pdb Module
      • Debugging in IDLE
    • The warnings Module
      • Classes
      • Objects
      • Filters
      • Functions
    • Optimization
      • Developing a Fast-Enough Python Application
      • Benchmarking
      • Large-Scale Optimization
        • List operations
        • String operations
        • Dictionary operations
        • Set operations
        • Summary of big-O times for operations on Python built-in types
      • Profiling
        • The profile module
        • Calibration
        • The pstats module
      • Small-Scale Optimization
        • Module timeit
        • Building up a string from pieces
        • Searching and sorting
        • Avoiding exec and from...import *
        • Optimizing loops
        • Optimizing I/O
• IV. Network and Web Programming
  • 19. Client-Side Network Protocol Modules
    • URL Access
      • The urlparse Module
      • The urllib Module
        • Functions
        • The FancyURLopener class
      • The urllib2 Module
        • Functions
        • The Request class
        • The OpenerDirector class
        • Handler classes
        • Handling authentication
    • Email Protocols
      • The poplib Module
      • The smtplib Module
    • The HTTP and FTP Protocols
      • The httplib Module
      • The ftplib Module
    • Network News
      • Response Strings
      • Methods
      • Example
    • Telnet
    • Distributed Computing
    • Other Protocols
  • 20. Sockets and Server-Side Network Protocol Modules
    • The socket Module
      • socket Functions
      • The socket Class
      • Echo Server and Client Using TCP Sockets
      • Echo Server and Client Using UDP Sockets
      • Socket Timeout Behavior
    • The SocketServer Module
      • The BaseRequestHandler Class
      • HTTP Servers
        • The BaseHTTPServer module
        • The SimpleHTTPServer module
        • The CGIHTTPServer module
        • The SimpleXMLRPCServer module
    • Event-Driven Socket Programs
      • The select Module
      • The asyncore and asynchat Modules
        • The asyncore module
        • The asynchat module
      • The Twisted Framework
        • The twisted.internet and twisted.protocols packages
        • Reactors
        • Transports
        • Protocol handlers and factories
        • Echo server using Twisted
  • 21. CGI Scripting and Alternatives
    • CGI in Python
      • Form Submission Methods
      • The cgi Module
      • CGI Output and Errors
        • Error messages
        • The cgitb module
      • Installing Python CGI Scripts
        • Python CGI scripts on Microsoft web servers
        • Python CGI scripts on Apache
        • Python CGI scripts on Xitami
    • Cookies
      • The Cookie Module
        • Cookie methods
        • Morsel attributes and methods
        • Using module Cookie
    • Other Server-Side Approaches
      • FastCGI
      • WSGI
      • mod_python
      • Custom Pure Python Servers
      • Other Higher-Level-of-Abstraction Frameworks
        • Webware
        • Quixote
        • web.py
  • 22. MIME and Network Encodings
    • Encoding Binary Data as Text
      • The base64 Module
      • The quopri Module
      • The uu Module
    • MIME and Email Format Handling
      • Functions in Package email
      • The email.Message Module
      • The email.Generator Module
      • Creating Messages
      • The email.Encoders Module
      • The email.Utils Module
      • Example Uses of the email Package
      • The Message Classes of the rfc822 and mimetools Modules
  • 23. Structured Text: HTML
    • The sgmllib Module
      • Parsing HTML with sgmllib
    • The htmllib Module
      • The htmlentitydefs Module
      • Parsing HTML with htmllib
    • The HTMLParser Module
      • Parsing HTML with HTMLParser
    • The BeautifulSoup Extension
      • Parsing HTML with BeautifulSoup
    • Generating HTML
      • Embedding
      • Templating
      • The Cheetah Package
        • The Cheetah templating language
        • The Template class
        • A Cheetah example
  • 24. Structured Text: XML
    • An Overview of XML Parsing
    • Parsing XML with SAX
      • The xml.sax Package
        • Attributes
        • Incremental parsing
        • The xml.sax.saxutils module
      • Parsing XHTML with xml.sax
    • Parsing XML with DOM
      • The xml.dom Package
      • The xml.dom.minidom Module
        • Node objects
        • Attr objects
        • Document objects
        • Element objects
      • Parsing XHTML with xml.dom.minidom
      • The xml.dom.pulldom Module
      • Parsing XHTML with xml.dom.pulldom
    • Changing and Generating XML
      • Factory Methods of a Document Object
      • Mutating Methods of an Element Object
      • Mutating Methods of a Node Object
      • Output Methods of a Node Object
      • Changing and Outputting XHTML with xml.dom.minidom
• V. Extending and Embedding
  • 25. Extending and Embedding Classic Python
    • Extending Python with Pythons C API
      • Building and Installing C-Coded Python Extensions
        • The C compiler you need
        • Compatibility of C-coded extensions among Python versions
      • Overview of C-Coded Python Extension Modules
      • Return Values of Pythons C API Functions
      • Module Initialization
        • The PyMethodDef structure
      • Reference Counting
      • Accessing Arguments
      • Creating Python Values
      • Exceptions
      • Abstract Layer Functions
      • Concrete Layer Functions
      • A Simple Extension Example
      • Defining New Types
        • Per-instance data
        • The PyTypeObject definition
        • Instance initialization and finalization
        • Attribute access
        • Type definition example
    • Extending Python Without Pythons C API
    • Embedding Python
      • Installing Resident Extension Modules
      • Setting Arguments
      • Python Initialization and Finalization
      • Running Python Code
    • Pyrex
      • The cdef Statement and Function Parameters
        • External declarations
        • cdef classes
      • The ctypedef Statement
      • The for...from Statement
      • Pyrex Expressions
      • A Pyrex Example: Greatest Common Divisor
  • 26. Extending and Embedding Jython
    • Importing Java Packages in Jython
      • The Jython Registry
      • Accessibility
      • Type Conversions
        • Calling overloaded Java methods
        • The jarray module
        • The java.util collection classes
      • Subclassing a Java Class
      • JavaBeans
    • Embedding Jython in Java
      • The PythonInterpreter Class
        • The _ _builtin_ _ class
      • The PyObject Class
      • The Py Class
    • Compiling Python into Java
      • The jythonc Command
      • Adding Java-Visible Methods
      • Python Applets and Servlets
        • Python applets
        • Python servlets
  • 27. Distributing Extensions and Programs
    • Pythons distutils
      • The Distribution and Its Root
      • The setup.py Script
      • Metadata About the Distribution
      • Distribution Contents
        • Python source files
        • Datafiles
        • C-coded extensions
      • The setup.cfg File
      • The MANIFEST.in and MANIFEST Files
      • Creating Prebuilt Distributions with distutils
    • py2exe
    • py2app
    • cx_Freeze
    • PyInstaller
• A. About the Author
• Index
• About the Author
• Colophon
• Copyright