Stuck in a coding conundrum? Whether you're an advanced beginner, an intermediate developer, or a curious newcomer, the complexities of coding can often feel like a labyrinth with no exit. With Python, however, you can start writing real code quickly—but where should you start?

In this updated third edition, Bill Lubanovic acts as your personal guide to Python, offering a clear path through the intricacies and capabilities of this much-beloved coding language, including new chapters on AI models and performance enhancements. Easy to understand and enjoyable to read, this book not only teaches you the core concepts but also dives into practical applications that bridge the gap between learning and doing. By reading it, you will:

• Understand everything from basic data structures to advanced features
• Gain insights into using Python for files, networking, databases, and data science
• Learn testing, debugging, code reuse, and other essential development tips
• Explore how Python can be utilized in business, science, and the arts

  

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Spis treści

Introducing Python. 3rd Edition eBook -- spis treści

• Preface
  • Audience
  • Changes in the Third Edition
  • Outline
  • Python Versions
  • About the Author
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • OReilly Online Learning
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
• I. Stronghold
• 1. Introduction
  • Mysteries
  • Little Python Programs
  • Setup
  • Install Python
  • Upgrade Python
  • Run Python Programs
    • The Python Interactive Interpreter
    • Python Files
  • Built-In Python Features
  • The Python Standard Library
  • Third-Party Python Packages
  • A Bigger Example
  • Review/Preview
• 2. Types and Variables
  • A Computer
  • Bits and Bytes
  • Multibyte Types
  • Variables
    • Assign a Value to a Variable
    • Change the Value of a Variable
    • Delete a Variable
    • Name Variables
    • Follow Naming Conventions
  • Python Types
  • Specify Values
  • Objects as Plastic Boxes in Memory
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 3. Numbers
  • Booleans
  • Integers
    • Literal Integers
    • Integer Operations
    • Integers and Variables
    • Precedence
    • Bases
    • Type Conversions
    • How Big Is an int?
  • Floats
  • Floats Are Not Exact
  • Fractions
  • Decimals
  • Math Functions
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 4. Strings
  • Create with Quotes
  • Create with str()
  • Escape with \
  • Combine with +
  • Duplicate with *
  • Get a Character by [ offset ]
  • Get a Substring with a Slice
  • Get Length with len()
  • Split with split()
  • Combine with join()
  • Substitute with replace()
  • Work with Prefixes and Suffixes
  • Strip with strip()
  • Search and Select
  • Change Case
  • Set Alignment
  • Apply Formatting
    • Old style: %
    • New style: {} and format()
    • Newest Style: f-strings
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 5. Bytes and Bytearray
  • Bytes
    • Create with Quotes
    • Create with bytes()
    • Create from a Hex String
    • Decode and Encode Bytes and Strings
    • Convert to a Hex String
    • Get One Byte by [ offset ]
    • Get a Slice
    • Combine with +
    • Repeat with *
  • Bytearray
    • Create with bytearray()
    • Get One Byte by [ offset ]
    • Get Multiple Bytes with a Slice
    • Modify One Byte by [ offset ]
    • Modify Multiple Bytes with replace()
    • Modify Multiple Bytes with a Slice
    • Insert a Byte with insert()
    • Append One Byte with append()
    • Append Multiple Bytes with extend()
    • Combine with +
    • Repeat with *
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 6. If and Match
  • Comment with #
  • Continue Lines with \
  • Compare with if, elif, and else
  • What Is True?
  • Do Multiple Comparisons with in
  • New: I Am the Walrus
  • Match
    • Simple Matches
    • Structural Matches
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 7. For and While
  • Repeat with while
    • Cancel with break
    • Skip Ahead with continue
    • Check break Use with else
  • Iterate with for and in
    • Cancel with break
    • Skip with continue
    • Check break Use with else
    • Generate Number Sequences with range()
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 8. Tuples and Lists
  • Tuples
    • Create with Commas and ()
    • Create with tuple()
    • Get an Item by [ offset ]
    • Combine with +
    • Duplicate with *
    • Compare
    • Iterate with for and in
    • Modify?
  • Lists
    • Create with []
    • Create or Convert with list()
    • Create from a String with split()
    • Get an Item by [ offset ]
    • Get Items with a Slice
    • Add an Item to the End with append()
    • Add an Item by Offset with insert()
    • Duplicate with *
    • Combine with extend() or +
    • Change an Item with [ offset ]
    • Change Items with a Slice
    • Delete an Item by Offset with del
    • Delete an Item by Value with remove()
    • Get an Item by Offset and Delete It with pop()
    • Delete All Items with clear()
    • Find an Items Offset by Value with index()
    • Test for a Value with in
    • Count Occurrences of a Value with count()
    • Convert a List to a String with join()
    • Reorder Items with sort() or sorted()
    • Get Length with len()
    • Assign with =
    • Copy with copy(), list(), or a Slice
    • Copy Everything with deepcopy()
    • Compare Lists
    • Iterate with for and in
    • Iterate Multiple Sequences with zip()
    • Iterate Multiple Sequences with zip_longest()
    • Create a List with a Comprehension
    • Create Lists of Lists
  • Tuples Versus Lists
  • There Are No Tuple Comprehensions
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 9. Dictionaries and Sets
  • Dictionaries
    • Create with {}
    • Create with dict()
    • Convert with dict()
    • Add or Change an Item by [ key ]
    • Get an Item by [ key ] or with get()
    • Iterate with for and in
    • Get Length with len()
    • Combine/update dicts
      • Use update()
      • Use {**a, **b}
      • Use |
    • Delete an Item by Key with del
    • Get an Item by Key and Delete It with pop( key )
    • Delete All Items with clear()
    • Test for a Key with in
    • Assign with =
    • Copy with copy()
    • Copy Everything with deepcopy()
    • Compare Dictionaries
    • Use Dictionary Comprehensions
  • Sets
    • Create with set() or {}
    • Get Length with len()
    • Add an Item with add()
    • Delete an Item with remove()
    • Combine with |
    • Iterate with for and in
    • Test for a Value with in
    • Use Combinations and Operators
    • Create Set Comprehensions
    • Create an Immutable Set with frozenset()
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 10. Functions
  • Define a Function with def
  • Call a Function with Parentheses
  • Arguments and Parameters
    • None, Truthiness, and Falsiness
    • Positional Arguments
    • Keyword Arguments
    • Default Parameter Values
    • Pack/Unpack Positional Arguments with *
    • Pack/Unpack Keyword Arguments with **
    • Keyword-Only (*) and Position-Only (/) Arguments
    • Mutable and Immutable Arguments
  • Docstrings
  • Functions Are First-Class Citizens
  • Function Arguments Are Not a Tuple
  • Inner Functions
    • Closures
  • Anonymous Functions: Lambda
  • Generators
    • Generator Functions
    • Generator Comprehensions
  • Decorators
  • Namespaces and Scope
  • Dunder Names
  • Recursion
  • Async Functions, Briefly
  • Exceptions
    • Handle Errors with try and except
    • Use Finally
    • Make Your Own Exceptions
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 11. Objects
  • What Are Objects?
  • Simple Objects
    • Define a Class with class
    • Assign Attributes
    • Methods
    • Initialization
  • Inheritance
    • Inherit from a Parent Class
    • Override a Method
    • Add a Method
    • Get Help from Your Parent with super()
    • Use Multiple Inheritance
    • Include Mixins
  • In self Defense
  • Attribute Access
    • Direct Access
    • Getters and Setters
    • Properties for Attribute Access
    • Properties for Computed Values
    • Name Mangling for Privacy
    • Class and Object Attributes
  • Method Types
    • Instance Methods
    • Class Methods
    • Static Methods
  • Duck Typing
  • Magic Methods
  • Aggregation and Composition
  • When to Use Objects or Something Else
  • Named Tuples
  • Dataclasses
  • Attrs
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 12. Modules and Packages
  • Modules and the import Statement
    • Import a Module
    • Import a Module with Another Name
    • Import Only What You Want from a Module
  • Packages
    • The Module Search Path
    • Relative and Absolute Imports
    • Namespace Packages
    • Modules Versus Objects
  • Goodies in the Python Standard Library
    • Handle Missing Keys with setdefault() and defaultdict()
    • Count Items with Counter()
    • Order by Key with OrderedDict()
    • Stack + Queue == deque
    • Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
    • Get Random
  • More Batteries: Get Other Python Code
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• II. Tools
• 13. Development Environment
  • Find Python Code
  • Install Packages
    • Use Pip
    • Install with a Native Package Manager
    • Install from Source
  • Virtual Environments
    • Virtualenv and Venv
    • Pipenv
    • Poetry
    • Conda
    • uv
  • Integrated Development Environments
    • IPython
    • Jupyter Notebook
    • JupyterLab
  • Source Control
    • Mercurial
    • Git
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 14. Type Hints and Documentation
  • Type Hints
    • Variable Hints
    • Function Hints
  • Mypy
  • Documentation
    • Comments
    • Docstrings
    • Markup Text Files
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 15. Testing
  • Pylint
  • Ruff
  • Unittest
  • Doctest
  • Pytest
    • Examples
    • Fixtures
    • Parametrization
  • Hypothesis
  • Nox
  • Continuous Integration
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 16. Debugging
  • Assert
  • Print
  • F-strings
  • Pprint()
  • IceCream
  • Decorators
  • Logging
  • Pdb
  • Breakpoint()
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• III. Quests
• 17. Text Data
  • Text Strings: Unicode
    • Python Unicode Strings
    • UTF-8
    • Encode
    • Decode
    • HTML Entities
    • Normalization
  • Text Strings: Regular Expressions
    • Find Exact Beginning Match with match()
    • Find First Match with search()
    • Find All Matches with findall()
    • Split at Matches with split()
    • Replace at Matches with sub()
  • Patterns
    • Using Special Characters
    • Using Specifiers
    • Specifying match() Output
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 18. Binary Data
  • Convert Binary Data with struct
  • Extraction with Binary Data Tools
  • Convert Bytes/Strings with binascii()
  • Use Bit Operators
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 19. Dates and Times
  • Leap Year
  • The datetime Module
  • The time Module
  • Read and Write Dates and Times
  • All the Conversions
  • Alternative Modules
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 20. Files
  • File Input and Output
    • Create or Open with open()
    • Write a Text File with print()
    • Write a Text File with write()
    • Read a Text File with read(), readline(), or readlines()
    • Write a Binary File with write()
    • Read a Binary File with read()
    • Close Files Automatically by Using with
    • Change Position with seek()
  • Memory Mapping
  • File Operations
    • Check Existence with exists()
    • Check Type with isfile()
    • Copy with copy()
    • Change Name with rename()
    • Link with link() or symlink()
    • Change Permissions with chmod()
    • Change Ownership with chown()
    • Delete a File with remove()
  • Directory Operations
    • Create with mkdir()
    • Delete with rmdir()
    • List Contents with listdir()
    • Change Current Directory with chdir()
    • List Matching Files with glob()
  • Pathnames
    • Get a Pathname with abspath()
    • Get a symlink Pathname with realpath()
    • Build a Pathname with os.path.join()
    • Use pathlib
  • BytesIO and StringIO
    • File Formats: Determination
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 21. Data in Time: Concurrency
  • Programs and Processes
    • Create a Process with subprocess
    • Create a Process with multiprocessing
    • Kill a Process with terminate()
    • Get System Info with os
    • Get Process Info with psutil
  • Command Automation
    • Invoke
    • Other Command Helpers
  • Concurrency
    • Queues
    • Processes
    • Threads
    • The GIL
    • Concurrent.futures
    • Green Threads and gevent
    • Twisted
    • asyncio
  • Coroutines and Event Loops
  • Asyncio Alternatives
  • Async Versus
  • Async Frameworks and Servers
    • Redis
    • Beyond Queues
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 22. Data in Space: Networks
  • TCP/IP
    • Sockets
    • Scapy
    • Netcat
  • Networking Patterns
  • The Request-Reply Pattern
    • Request-Reply: ZeroMQ
    • Request-Reply: Other Messaging Tools
  • The Publish-Subscribe Pattern
    • Pub-Sub: Redis
    • Pub-Sub: ZeroMQ
    • Pub-Sub: Other Tools
  • Internet Services
    • Domain Name System
    • Python Email Modules
    • Other Protocols
  • Web Services and APIs
  • Data Serialization
    • Serialize with pickle
    • Use Other Serialization Formats
  • Remote Procedure Calls
    • XML-RPC
    • JSON RPC
    • MessagePack RPC
    • zerorpc
    • gRPC
  • Remote Management
  • Big Fat Data
    • Hadoop
    • Spark
    • Disco
    • Dask
  • Clouds
    • Amazon Web Services
    • Google Cloud
    • Microsoft Azure
    • OpenStack
  • Docker
  • Kubernetes
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 23. Data in a Box: Persistent Storage
  • Text Files
  • Tabular and Delimited Text Files
    • CSV
    • XML
    • An XML Security Note
    • HTML
    • JSON
    • YAML
    • TOML
    • Tablib
    • Configuration Files
  • Binary Files
    • Padded Binary Files and Memory Mapping
    • Spreadsheets
    • HDF5
    • TileDB
  • Relational Databases
    • SQL
    • DB-API
    • SQLite
    • DuckDB
    • MySQL
    • PostgreSQL
    • SQLAlchemy
      • The engine layer
      • The SQL Expression Language
      • The Object-Relational Mapper
    • Other Database Access Packages
  • NoSQL Data Stores
    • The dbm Family
    • Memcached
    • Redis
      • Strings
      • Lists
      • Hashes
      • Sets
      • Sorted sets
      • Caches and expiration
    • Redis Alternative: Valkey?
    • Document Databases
    • Time-Series Databases
    • Graph Databases
    • Other NoSQL
  • Full-Text Databases
  • Vector Databases
  • Geospatial Databases
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 24. The Web
  • Web Basics
  • HTTP Testing
    • Telnet
    • curl
    • HTTPie
    • httpbin
  • Web Clients
    • The Standard Library
    • Requests
  • Other Web Clients
  • Web Servers
    • The Simplest Python Web Server
    • Web Server Gateway Interface
    • ASGI
    • Apache
    • NGINX
    • Other Python Web Servers
  • Web Server Frameworks
    • Bottle
    • Flask
    • Django
    • FastAPI
    • Litestar
  • Database Frameworks
  • Web Services and Automation
    • webbrowser
    • webview
  • Web APIs and REST
  • WebSockets
  • Webhooks
  • Web Frontends
    • htmx
    • FastHTML
  • Crawl and Scrape
    • Scrapy
    • Beautiful Soup
    • Requests-HTML
  • Lets Watch a Movie
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 25. Data Science
  • Standard Python
    • Format Conversions
    • Math
    • Complex Numbers
    • Calculate Accurate Floating Point Values with decimal
    • Perform Rational Arithmetic with fractions
    • Use Packed Sequences with array
    • Statistics
    • Matrix Multiplication
  • NumPy
    • Make an Array with array()
    • Make an Array with arange()
    • Make an Array with zeros(), ones(), or random()
    • Change an Arrays Shape with reshape()
    • Get an Element with []
    • Array Math
    • Linear Algebra
  • SciPy
  • pandas
  • Polars
  • DuckDB
  • Data Visualization
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 26. AI
  • It Turns Out
    • Expert Systems
    • Perceptrons
    • The Breakthrough
    • Image Recognition: ImageNet and AlexNet
    • Large Language Models
    • The ChatGPT Moment
    • Retrieval Augmented Generation
    • Agents
    • Efficiency
  • Create Models: Python Frameworks
  • Current Models
  • A Million Models: Hugging Face
  • Working Examples With Ollama
    • Install Ollama
    • Choose a Model
    • Choose Another Model
    • Ollama References
  • References
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• 27. Performance
  • Computer Hardware
  • Measure Timing
  • Profile
  • Algorithms and Data Structures
  • Arrays Versus Lists and Tuples
  • Cache
  • Cython
  • NumPy and SciPy
  • C or Rust Extensions
  • Taichi
  • PyPy
  • Numba
  • Standard Python JIT
  • Mojo
    • Background
    • Design
    • Examples
    • Limitations
    • Conclusion
  • Review/Preview
  • Practice
• A. Practice Answers
  • 2. Types and Variables
  • 3. Numbers
  • 4. Strings
  • 5. Bytes and Bytearray
  • 6. If and Match
  • 7. For and While
  • 8. Tuples and Lists
  • 9. Dictionaries and Sets
  • 10. Functions
  • 11. Objects
  • 12. Modules and Packages
  • 13. Development Environment
  • 14. Type Hints and Documentation
  • 15. Testing
  • 16. Debugging
  • 17. Text Data
  • 18. Binary Data
  • 19. Dates and Times
  • 20. Files
  • 21. Data in Time: Concurrency
  • 22. Data in Space: Networks
  • 23. Data in a Box: Persistent Storage
  • 24. The Web
  • 25. Data Science
  • 26. AI
  • 27. Performance
• Index