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Head First Physics. A learner's companion to mechanics and practical physics (AP Physics B - Advanced Placement) - Helion

Head First Physics. A learner's companion to mechanics and practical physics (AP Physics B - Advanced Placement)
ebook
Autor: Heather Lang
ISBN: 978-14-919-4992-4
stron: 942, Format: ebook
Data wydania: 2008-09-24
Księgarnia: Helion

Cena książki: 101,15 zł (poprzednio: 117,62 zł)
Oszczędzasz: 14% (-16,47 zł)

Dodaj do koszyka Head First Physics. A learner's companion to mechanics and practical physics (AP Physics B - Advanced Placement)

Wouldn't it be great if there were a physics book that showed you how things work instead of telling you how? Finally, with Head First Physics, there is. This comprehensive book takes the stress out of learning mechanics and practical physics by providing a fun and engaging experience, especially for students who "just don't get it."

Head First Physics offers a format that's rich in visuals and full of activities, including pictures, illustrations, puzzles, stories, and quizzes -- a mixed-media style proven to stimulate learning and retention. One look will convince you: This isn't mere theory, this is physics brought to life through real-world scenarios, simple experiments, and hypothetical projects. Head First Physics is perfect for anyone who's intrigued by how things work in the natural world.

You'll quickly discover that physics isn't a dry subject. It's all about the world we live in, encompassing everything from falling objects and speeding cars, to conservation of energy and gravity and weightlessness, and orbital behavior. This book:

  • Helps you think like a physicist so you can understand why things really work the way they do
  • Gives you relevant examples so you can fully grasp the principles before moving on to more complex concepts
  • Designed to be used as a supplement study guide for the College Board's Advanced Placement Physics B Exam
  • Introduces principles for the purpose of solving real-world problems, not memorization
  • Teaches you how to measure, observe, calculate -- and yes -- how to do the math
  • Covers scientific notation, SI units, vectors, motion, momentum conservation, Newton's Laws, energy conservation, weight and mass, gravitation and orbits, circular motion and simple harmonic motion, and much more

If "Myth Busters" and other TV programs make you curious about our physical world -- or if you're a student forced to take a physics course -- now you can pursue the subject without the dread of boredom or the fear that it will be over your head. Head First Physics comes to rescue with an innovative, engaging, and inspirational way to learn physics!

Dodaj do koszyka Head First Physics. A learner's companion to mechanics and practical physics (AP Physics B - Advanced Placement)

 

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Dodaj do koszyka Head First Physics. A learner's companion to mechanics and practical physics (AP Physics B - Advanced Placement)

Spis treści

Head First Physics. A learner's companion to mechanics and practical physics (AP Physics B - Advanced Placement) eBook -- spis treści

  • Head First Physics: A learners companion to mechanics and practical physics
  • Dedication
  • A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
  • Advance Praise for Head First Physics
  • Praise for other Head First academic titles
  • Praise for the Head First Approach
  •  
  • Author of Head First Physics
  • How to Use this Book: Intro
    • Who is this book for?
      • Who should probably back away from this book?
    • We know what youre thinking
    • We know what your brain is thinking
    • Metacognition: thinking about thinking
    • Heres what WE did:
    • Heres what YOU can do to bend your brain into submission
    • Read Me
    • The technical review team
  • Acknowledgments
    • Safari Books Online
  • 1. Think Like a Physicist: In the beginning ...
    • Physics is the world around you
    • You can get a feel for whats happening by being a part of it
      • So - could you ever escape from the bottomless pit?
    • Use your intuition to look for special points
    • The center of the earth is a special point
    • Ask yourself What am I ALREADY doing as I reach the special point?
    • Where youre at - and what happens next?
    • Now put it all together
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 2. Making it all MEAN Something: Units and measurements
    • Its the best music player ever, and youre part of the team!
    • So you get on with measuring the myPod case
    • When the myPod case comes back from the factory...
    • ...its waaay too big!
    • There arent any UNITS on the blueprint
    • Youll use SI units in this book (and in your class)
    • You use conversion factors to change units
    • You can write a conversion factor as a fraction
    • Now you can use the conversion factor to update the blueprint
    • You just converted the units for the entire blueprint!
    • But theres STILL a problem ...
    • What to do with numbers that have waaaay too many digits to be usable
    • How many digits of your measurements look significant?
    • Generally, you should round your answers to three significant digits
      • You need to follow certain rules when youre rounding answers
    • Is it OK to round the myPod blueprint to three significant digits?
    • You ALREADY intuitively rounded your original myPod measurements!
    • Any measurement you make has an error (or uncertainty) associated with it
    • The error on your original measurements should propagate through to your converted blueprint
    • Right! Time to attack the blueprint again!
    • STOP!! Before you hit send, do your answers SUCK?!
    • You nailed it!
    • When you write down a measurement, you need the right number of significant digits
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 3. Scientific Notation, Area, and Volume: All numbers great and small
    • A messy college dorm room
    • So how long before things go really bad?
    • Power notation helps you multiply by the same number over and over
      • Your calculators power button gives you superpowers
    • Your calculator displays big numbers using scientific notation
    • Scientific notation uses powers of 10 to write down long numbers
    • Scientific notation helps you with small numbers as well
    • Youll often need to work with area or volume
    • Look up facts in a book (or table of information)
    • Prefixes help with numbers outside your comfort zone
    • Scientific notation helps you to do calculations with large and small numbers
    • The guys have it all worked out
    • 200,000,000 meters cubed bugs after only 16 hours is totally the wrong size of answer!
    • Be careful converting units of area or volume
    • So the bugs wont take over ... unless the guys sleep in!
    • Question Clinic: The Converting units of area or volume Question
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 4. Equations and Graphs: Learning the lingo
    • The new version of the Break Neck Pizza website is nearly ready to go live ...
    • ...but you need to work out how to give the customer their delivery time
    • If you write the delivery time as an equation, you can see whats going on
    • Use variables to keep your equation general
    • You need to work out Alexs cycling time
    • When you design an experiment, think about what might go wrong!
    • OK - time to recap where youre at...
    • Conduct an experiment to find out Alexs speed
      • Heres what happens:
    • Write down your results... in a table
    • Use the table of distances and times to work out Alexs speed
    • Random errors mean that results will be spread out
    • A graph is the best way of taking an average of ALL your results
    • Use a graph to show Alexs time for ANY distance
    • The line on the graph is your best estimate for how long Alex takes to cycle ANY distance
    • You can see Alexs speed from the steepness of the distance-time graph
    • Alexs speed is the slope of the distance-time graph
    • Now work out Alexs average speed from your graph
    • You need an equation for Alexs time to give to the web guys
    • Rearrange the equation to say time = something
    • Use your equation to work out the time it takes Alex to reach each house
    • So you do a test run with the website ...
    • So just convert the units, and youre all set...right?
    • Include the cooking time in your equation
    • The Break Neck website goes live, and the customers love it!
    • A few weeks later, you hear from Break Neck again
    • A graph lets you see the difference the stop lights made
    • The stop lights change Alexs average speed
    • Add on two minutes per stop light to give the customer a maximum delivery time ...
    • ...the customers are extremely happy ...
    • ...and youre invited to the Pizza Party
    • Question Clinic: The Did you do what they asked you Question
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 5. Dealing with Directions: Vectors
    • The treasure hunt
    • Displacement is different from distance
    • Distance is a scalar; displacement is a vector
    • You can represent vectors using arrows
    • You found the next clue...
      • But theres a problem ...
    • You can add vectors in any order
    • Well done - youve found the third clue!
    • Question Clinic: The Wheat from the chaff Question
    • Angles measure rotations
    • Now you can get on with clue 3!
    • If you cant deal with something big, break it down into smaller parts
    • You move onto the fourth clue...
    • Velocity is the vector version of speed
    • Write units using shorthand
    • So, on to clue 4 ...
    • You need to allow for the streams velocity too!
    • If you can find the streams velocity, you can figure out the velocity for the boat
    • It takes the boat time to accelerate from a standing start
    • How do you deal with acceleration?
    • So its back to the boat ...
    • Vector, Angle, Velocity, Acceleration = WINNER!!!
    • Your Physics Toolbox
    • Question Clinic: The Design an experiment Question
  • 6. Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration: Whats going on?
    • Just another day in the desert ...
    • ...and another Dingo-Emu moment!
    • How can you use what you know?
    • The cage accelerates as it falls
    • Vectorize your equation
    • You want an instantaneous velocity, not an average velocity
    • You already know how to calculate the slope of a straight line...
    • A point on a curved line has the same slope as its tangent
    • The slope of somethings velocity-time graph lets you work out its acceleration
    • Work out the units of acceleration
    • Success! You worked out the velocity after 2.0 s - and the cage wont break!
    • Now onto solve for the displacement!
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 7. Equations of motion (part 1): Playing With Equations
    • How high should the crane be?
    • Graphs and equations both represent the real world
    • Youre interested in the start and end points
    • You have an equation for the velocity - but what about the displacement?
    • See the average velocity on your velocity-time graph
    • Test your equations by imagining them with different numbers
    • Calculate the cages displacement!
    • You know how high the crane should be!
    • But now the Dingo needs something more general
    • A substitution will help
    • Get rid of the variables you dont want by making substitutions
    • Continue making substitutions ...
    • You did it - you derived a useful equation for the cages displacement!
    • Check your equation using Units
    • Check your equation by trying out some extreme values
    • Your equation checks out!
    • Question Clinic: The Substitution Question
    • Question Clinic: The Units or Dimensional analysis Question
    • Think like a physicist!
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 8. Equations of Motion (Part 2): Up, up, and... back down
    • Previously ...
    • Now ACME has an amazing new cage launcher
    • The acceleration due to gravity is constant
    • Velocity and acceleration are in opposite directions, so they have opposite signs
    • You can use one graph to work out the shapes of the others
    • Is a graph of your equation the same shape as the graph you sketched?
    • Ready to launch the cage!
      • Your launch velocity of 5.0 m/s is definitely right!
    • Fortunately, ACME has a rocket-powered hovercraft!
    • You can work out a new equation by making a substitution for t
    • Multiply out the parentheses in your equation
      • You can sort out one of the terms on the right hand side like this
    • You have two sets of parentheses multiplied together
      • Then you can figure out your second term on the right hand side
    • Where youre at with your new equation
    • You need to simplify your equation by grouping the terms
    • You can use your new equation to work out the stopping distance
    • There are THREE key equations you can use when theres constant acceleration
    • You need to work out the launch velocity that gets the Dingo out of the Grand Canyon!
    • The launch velocitys right!
    • You need to find another way of doing this problem
    • Question Clinic: The Sketch a graph or Match a graph Question
    • Question Clinic: The Symmetry and Special points Questions
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 9. Triangles, Trig and Trajectories: Going two-dimensional
    • Camelot - we have a problem!
    • How wide should you make the moat?
    • Looks like a triangle, yeah?
    • A scale drawing can solve problems
    • Pythagoras Theorem lets you figure out the sides quickly
    • Sketch + shape + equation = Problem solved!
    • You kept them out!
    • But the attackers get smarter!
    • Camelot ... we have ANOTHER problem!
    • Relate your angle to an angle inside the triangle
    • Classify similar triangles by the ratios of their side lengths
    • Sine, cosine and tangent connect the sides and angles of a right-angled triangle
    • How to remember which ratio is which??
    • Calculators have sin(), cos() and tan() tables built in
    • Back at the castle, everyones depending on you!
    • You can know everything! *
    • Does your answer SUCK?
    • Uh oh. Gravity...
    • The cannonballs velocity and acceleration vectors point in different directions
    • Gravity accelerates everything downwards at 9.8 m/s2
    • The horizontal component of the velocity cant change once youve let go
    • The horizontal component of a projectiles velocity is constant
    • The same method solves both problems
    • Question Clinic: The Projectile Question
    • And so they ran away ...
    • Question Clinic: The Missing steps Question
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 10. Momentum Conservation: What Newton Did
    • The pirates be havin a spot o bother with a ghost ship ...
    • What does the maximum range depend on?
    • Firing at 45° maximizes your range
    • You cant do everything thats theoretically possible - you need to be practical too
    • Sieges-R-Us has a new stone cannonball, which they claim will increase the range!
    • Massive things are more difficult to start off
    • Massive things are more difficult to stop
    • Newtons First Law
    • Mass matters
    • A stone cannonball has a smaller mass - so it has a larger velocity. But how much larger?
    • Heres your lab equipment
    • How are force, mass and velocity related?
    • Vary only one thing at a time in your experiment
    • Mass x velocity - momentum - is conserved
    • A greater force acting over the same amount of time gives a greater change in momentum
    • Write momentum conservation as an equation
    • Momentum conservation and Newtons Third Law are equivalent
    • Youve calculated the stone cannonballs velocity...
    • ...but you want the new range!
    • Use proportion to work out the new range
    • You solved the pirates problem!
    • Question Clinic: The Proportion Question (often multiple choice)
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 11. Weight and the normal force: Forces for courses
    • WeightBotchers are at it again!
    • Is it really possible to lose weight instantly?!
    • Scales work by compressing or stretching a spring
    • Mass is a measurement of stuff
    • Weight is a force
    • The relationship between force and mass involves momentum
    • If the objects mass is constant, Fnet = ma
    • The scales measure the support force
    • Now you can debunk the machine!
    • The machine reduces the support force
    • Force pairs help you check your work
    • You debunked WeightBotchers!
    • But WeightBotchers are back!
    • A surface can only exert a force perpendicular (or normal) to it
    • When you slide downhill, theres zero perpendicular acceleration
    • Use parallel and perpendicular force components to deal with a slope
    • Another fake busted!
    • Question Clinic: The Free body diagram Question
    • Question Clinic: The Free body diagram Question
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 12. Using forces, momentum, friction and impulse: Getting on with it
    • Its ... SimFootball!
    • Momentum is conserved in a collision
    • But the collision might be at an angle
    • A triangle with no right angles is awkward
    • Use component vectors to create some right-angled triangles
    • The programmer includes 2D momentum conservation ...
    • ...but the players keep on sliding for ever!
    • In real life, the force of friction is present
    • Friction depends on the types of surfaces that are interacting
    • Friction depends on the normal force
    • Be careful when you calculate the normal force
    • Youre ready to use friction in the game!
    • Including friction stops the players from sliding forever!
    • The sliding players are fine - but the tire drag is causing problems
    • Using components for the tire drag works!
    • Question Clinic: The Friction Question
    • How does kicking a football work?
    • Ft is called impulse
    • The games great - but theres just been a spec change!
    • The strength of the moons gravitational field is lower then the Earths
    • For added realism, sometimes the players should slip
    • You can change only direction horizontally on a flat surface because of friction
    • The game is brilliant, and going to X-Force rocks!
    • Newtons Laws give you awesome powers
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 13. Torque and Work: Getting a lift
    • Half the kingdom to anyone who can lift the sword in the stone ...
    • Can physics help you to lift a heavy object?
    • Use a lever to turn a small force into a larger force
    • Do an experiment to determine where to position the fulcrum
    • Zero net torque causes the lever to balance
    • Use torque to lift the sword and the stone!
    • Question Clinic: The Two equations, two unknowns Question
    • So you lift the sword and stone with the lever ...
    • ...but they dont go high enough!
    • You cant get something for nothing
    • When you move an object against a force, youre doing work
    • The work you need to do a job = force x displacement
    • Which method involves the least amount of work?
    • Work has units of Joules
    • Energy is the capacity that something has to do work
    • Lifting stones is like transferring energy from one store to another
    • Energy conservation helps you to solve problems with differences in height
    • One of our stackable stones is missing ...
    • Will energy conservation save the day?
    • You need to do work against friction as well as against gravity
    • Doing work against friction increases internal energy
    • Heating increases internal energy
    • Its impossible to be 100% efficient
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 14. Energy Conservation: Making your life easier
    • The ultimate bobsled experience
    • Forces and component vectors solve the first part ...
    • ...but the second part doesnt have a uniform slope
    • A moving object has kinetic energy
    • The kinetic energy is related to the velocity
    • Calculate the velocity using energy conservation and the change in height
    • Youve used energy conservation to solve the second part
    • In the third part, you have to apply a force to stop a moving object
    • Putting on the brake does work on the track
    • Doing work against friction increases the internal energy
    • Energy conservation helps you to do complicated problems in a simpler way
    • Theres a practical difference between momentum and kinetic energy
    • Question Clinic: The Show that Question
    • Question Clinic: The Energy transfer Question
    • After the roaring success of SimFootball, its time for SimPool
      • Reusing the old code makes the pool balls stick together!
    • Momentum conservation will solve an inelastic collision problem
    • You need a second equation for an elastic collision
    • Energy conservation gives you the second equation that you need!
    • Factoring involves putting in parentheses
    • You can deal with elastic collisions now
    • In an elastic collision, the relative velocity reverses
    • The pool ball collisions work!
    • Theres a gravity-defying trick shot to sort out ...
    • Where is the problem with the programmers reasoning?
    • The initial collision is inelastic - so mechanical energy isnt conserved
    • Use momentum conservation for the inelastic part
    • Question Clinic: The Ballistic pendulum Question
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 15. Tension, Pulleys and Problem Solving: Changing direction
    • Its a bird... its plane...
    • ...no, its... a guy on a skateboard?!
    • Always look for something familiar
    • Michael and the stack accelerate at the same rate
    • Use tension to tackle the problem
    • Look at the big picture as well as the parts
    • But the day before the competition ...
    • Using energy conservation is simpler than using forces
    • There goes that skateboard...
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 16. Circular Motion (Part 1): From to
    • Limber up for the Kentucky Hamster Derby
    • You can revolutionize the hamsters training
    • Thinking through different approaches helps
    • A circles radius and circumference are linked by
    • Convert from linear distance to revolutions
    • Convert the linear speeds into Hertz
    • So you set up the machine ...
    • ...but the wheel turns too slowly!
    • Try some numbers to work out how things relate to each other
      • What if you set the motor to 1.0?
      • What if the wheel goes at 1.0 Hz?
    • The units on the motor are radians per second
    • Convert frequency to angular frequency
    • The hamster trainer is complete!
    • A couple of weeks later ...
    • You can increase the (linear) speed by increasing the wheels radius
    • Question Clinic: The Angular quantities Question
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 17. Circular Motion (Part 2) Staying on track
    • Houston ... we have a problem
    • When youre in freefall, objects appear to float beside you
    • Whats the astronaut missing, compared to when hes on Earth?
    • Can you mimic the contact force you feel on Earth?
    • Accelerating the space station allows you to experience a contact force
    • You can only go in a circle because of a centripetal force
    • Centripetal force acts towards the center of the circle
    • The astronaut experiences a contact force when you rotate the space station
    • What affects the size of centripetal force?
    • Spot the equation for the centripetal acceleration
    • Give the astronauts a centripetal force
    • The astronauts want as much floor space as possible
    • Here, the floor space is the area of a cylinders curved surface
    • If you work out the volume, you can calculate the astronauts floor space
    • Lets test the space station...
      • Cant cope with rotation
      • Apple falls straight while space station rotates
      • Head and feet at different radii
    • Fewer uncomfortable things happen with the 100 m radius space station
    • Youve sorted out the space station design!
    • Question Clinic: The Centripetal force Question
    • Back to the track!
    • The bobsled needs to turn a corner
    • Angling the track gives the normal force a horizontal component
    • When you slide downhill, theres no perpendicular acceleration
    • When you turn a corner, theres no vertical acceleration
    • How to deal with an object on a slope
    • Banking the track works ...
    • ...but now they want it to loop-the-loop!
    • The support force (normal force or tension force) required for a vertical circle varies
    • Any force that acts towards the center of the circle can provide a centripetal force
    • How fast does the bobsled need to go?
    • Question Clinic: The Banked curve Question
    • Question Clinic: The Vertical circle Question
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 18. Gravitation and Orbits: Getting away from it all
    • Party planners, a big event, and lots of cheese
    • What length should the cocktail sticks be?
    • The cheese globe is a sphere
    • The surface area of the sphere is the same as the surface area of the cheese
    • Let there be cheese...
    • ...but there are gaps in the globe!
    • The partys on!
    • To infinity - and beyond!
    • Earths gravitational force on you becomes weaker as you go further away
    • Gravitation is an inverse square law
    • Now you can calculate the force on the spaceship at any distance from the Earth
    • The potential energy is the area under the force-displacement graph
    • If U = 0 at infinity, the equation works for any star or planet
    • Use energy conservation to calculate the astronauts escape velocity
    • We need to keep up with our astronaut
    • The centripetal force is provided by gravity
    • With the comms satellites in place, its Pluto (and beyond)
    • Question Clinic: The gravitational force = centripetal force Question
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 19. Oscillations (Part 1): Round and round
    • Welcome to the fair!
    • Reproduce the duck on the display
    • The screen for the game is TWO-DIMENSIONAL
    • So we know what the duck does...
    • ...but where exactly is the duck?
    • Any time youre dealing with a component vector, try to spot a right-angled triangle
    • Lets show Jane the display
    • The second player sees the x-component of the ducks displacement
    • We need a wider definition of cosine, too
    • sine and cosine are related to each other
    • Let the games begin!
    • Janes got another request: Whats the ducks velocity from each players point of view?
    • Get the shape of the velocity-time graph from the slope of the displacement-time graph
    • The game is complete!
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 20. Oscillations (Part 2): Springs n swings
    • Get rocking, not talking
    • The plant rocker needs to work for three different masses of plant
    • A spring will produce regular oscillations
    • Displacement from equilibrium and strength of spring affect the force
    • A mass on a spring moves like a side-on view of circular motion
    • A mass on a spring moves with simple harmonic motion
    • Simple harmonic motion is sinusoidal
    • Work out constants by comparing a situation-specific equation with a standard equation
      • Look at the amplitude
      • Look at the argument of the cosine
    • Question Clinic: The This equation is like that one Question
    • You rock! Or at least Annes plants do
    • But Anne forgot to mention someting ...
    • The plants rock - and you rule!
    • But now the plant rockers frequency has changed ...
    • The frequency of a horizontal spring depends on the mass
    • Will using a vertical spring make a difference?
    • A pendulum swings with simple harmonic motion
    • What does the frequency of a pendulum depend on?
    • The pendulum design works!
    • Question Clinic: The Vertical spring Question
    • Question Clinic: The How does this depend on that Question
    • Your Physics Toolbox
  • 21. Think Like a Physicist: Its the final chapter
    • Youve come a long way!
    • Now you can finish off the globe
    • The round-trip looks like simple harmonic motion
    • But what time does the round-trip take?
    • You can treat the Earth like a sphere and a shell
    • The net force from the shell is zero
    • The force is proportional to the displacement, so your trip is SHM
    • Question Clinic: The Equation youve never seen before Question
    • You know your average speed - but whats your top speed?
    • Circular motion from side on looks like simple harmonic motion
    • You can do (just about) anything!
  • A. Leftovers: The top 6 things (that we didnt cover before, but are covering now)
    • #1 Equation of a straight line graph, y = mx + c
    • #2 Displacement is the area under the velocity-time graph
    • #3 Torque on a bridge
    • #4 Power
    • #5 Lots of practice questions
    • #6 Exam tips
  • B. Equation Table: Point of Reference
    • Mechanics equation table
  • Index
  • About the Author
  • Copyright

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