BGP. Building Reliable Networks with the Border Gateway Protocol - Helion
ISBN: 978-14-493-9082-2
stron: 290, Format: ebook
Data wydania: 2002-09-11
Księgarnia: Helion
Cena książki: 118,15 zł (poprzednio: 137,38 zł)
Oszczędzasz: 14% (-19,23 zł)
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the routing protocol used to exchange routing information across the Internet. It makes it possible for ISPs to connect to each other and for end-users to connect to more than one ISP. BGP is the only protocol that is designed to deal with a network of the Internet's size, and the only protocol that can deal well with having multiple connections to unrelated routing domains.This book is a guide to all aspects of BGP: the protocol, its configuration and operation in an Internet environment, and how to troubleshooting it. The book also describes how to secure BGP, and how BGP can be used as a tool in combating Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Although the examples throughout this book are for Cisco routers, the techniques discussed can be applied to any BGP-capable router.The topics include:
- Requesting an AS number and IP addresses
- Route filtering by remote ISPs and how to avoid this
- Configuring the initial BGP setup
- Balancing the available incoming or outgoing traffic over the available connections
- Securing and troubleshooting BGP
- BGP in larger networks: interaction with internal routing protocols, scalability issues
- BGP in Internet Service Provider networks
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Spis treści
BGP. Building Reliable Networks with the Border Gateway Protocol eBook -- spis treści
- BGP
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- Preface
- Intended Audience
- Whats in This Book?
- How to Read This Book
- Conventions Used in This Book
- How to Contact Us
- Acknowledgments
- 1. The Internet, Routing, and BGP
- Topology of the Internet
- The NSFNET Backbone
- Commercial Backbones and NAPs
- The Rest of the World
- Transit and Peering
- Classification of ISPs
- TCP/IP Design Philosophy
- The IP Protocol
- The Routing Table
- Routing Protocols
- Multihoming
- Topology of the Internet
- 2. IP Addressing and the BGP Protocol
- IP Addresses
- Subnetting and VLSM
- CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing
- Interdomain Routing History
- The BGP Protocol
- Open Message
- Update Message
- Notification and Keepalive Messages
- BGP States
- Propagation of BGP Routes
- How BGP Selects Routes
- The route-selection algorithm
- BGP tie-breaking rules
- Multiprotocol BGP
- Routing Multicast
- IPv6
- MBGP and MPLS VPNs
- Interior Routing Protocols
- RIP
- IGRP and EIGRP
- OSPF
- IS-IS
- Interaction Between Routing Protocols
- IP Addresses
- 3. Physical Design Considerations
- Availability
- Single points of failure
- Common sense
- Testing
- Selecting ISPs
- Bandwidth
- Minimum Bandwidth Required
- Burst Bandwidth and Queuing Delays
- Calculating Bandwidth, Step by Step
- Router Hardware
- Host-Based Routers
- Multilayer Switches
- Memory and the Routing Table
- Performance
- Anticipating Growth
- Failure Risks
- Water
- Power Failure
- Building a Wide Area Network
- The Likelihood of Concurrent Fiber Cuts
- Network Topology Design
- A Design Model
- The Topology
- Availability
- 4. IP Address Space and AS Numbers
- The Different Types of Address Space
- Provider-Independent Address Space
- Your Own Provider Aggregatable Block
- Address Space From an ISP
- Requesting Address Space
- Renumbering IP Addresses
- The AS Number
- Routing Registries
- Routing Policy Specification Language
- The Different Types of Address Space
- 5. Getting Started with BGP
- Enabling BGP
- How to Announce an Address Block
- Configuring the Router
- Monitoring BGP
- Clearing BGP Sessions
- Soft Reconfiguration Inbound
- Route Refresh
- Filtering Routes
- Filter Lists
- Distribute Lists
- Prefix Lists
- Internal BGP
- Enabling iBGP
- Default Routes
- Next Hop Processing
- Synchronizing with the IGP
- The Internal Network
- Ciscos Hot Standby Routing Protocol
- Full BR2 Configuration
- RPSL Routing Policy
- Minimizing the Impact of Link Failures
- eBGP Multihop
- Enabling BGP
- 6. Traffic Engineering
- Knowing Which Route Is Best
- Finding High- and Low-Quality Routes
- Is the Highest-Bandwidth Route Best?
- Route Maps
- Setting the Local Preference
- Manipulating Inbound AS Paths
- Inbound Communities
- RPSL Routing Policy
- BGP Load Balancing
- Traffic Engineering for Incoming Traffic
- Setting the MED
- Prepending Outbound AS Paths
- The Effect of AS Path Prepending
- Setting Outbound Communities
- Well-known communities
- Common community actions
- Influencing the Local Preference in Upstream ASes
- Prepending the AS Path
- Announcing More Specific Routes
- Queuing, Traffic Shaping, and Policing
- TCP Congestion Control
- Slow start
- Congestion avoidance
- Fast retransmit and fast recovery
- TCP Under Packet Loss and Delay Conditions
- Queuing
- First in, first out
- Weighted fair queuing
- Random early detect
- Priority queuing
- Custom queuing
- Traffic Shaping and Rate Limiting
- TCP Congestion Control
- Knowing Which Route Is Best
- 7. Security and Integrity of the Network
- Passwords and Security
- Telnet Versus SSH
- Software
- Software Lifecycle
- Cisco IOS Versions
- Protecting BGP
- Avoiding Black Holes
- Denial-of-Service Attacks
- Identifying Attacking Packets
- Tracking Down and Stopping the Source
- Filtering DoS Traffic
- Rate-Limiting DoS Traffic
- Deflecting DoS Traffic Using BGP
- Passwords and Security
- 8. Day-to-Day Operation of the Network
- The Network Operations Center
- The NOC and the Help Desk
- Contacting the NOC
- NOC Hardware Facilities
- SNMP Management
- Network-Management Suites
- Product-Specific Management Software
- Generic SNMP Tools
- MRTG
- BGP-4 Management Information Base
- Router Names
- General IP Network Management
- Logging
- Version Control
- The Network Time Protocol
- Scheduled Reloads
- The Network Operations Center
- 9. When Things Start to Go Down: Troubleshooting
- Keeping a Clear Head
- Managing the Troubleshooting Process
- Dealing with Service Providers
- Physical and Datalink Layer Problems
- Broken Cable or Circuit
- Link status and keepalives
- Last input and loops
- Line encoding and framing
- Power and Equipment Failure
- Poor Network Performance
- Too much traffic
- High CPU load
- Ethernet collisions, broadcasts, and loops
- Too many errors
- CRC errors on ATM
- Ethernet errors because of duplex or speed mismatch
- Broken Cable or Circuit
- Routing and Reachability Problems
- BGP Session Is Down
- BGP Session Is Unstable
- Address Blocks Arent Announced
- Filters Further Upstream
- Outgoing Traffic Not Going Out
- Black Holes
- Is the Black Hole Incoming or Outgoing?
- Transit from Nontransit AS
- Traffic Is Filtered
- Broken Upstream AS
- Announcing Your RoutesWith a Vengeance
- DNS Problems
- 10. BGP in Larger Networks
- Peer Groups
- Using Loopback Addresses for iBGP
- iBGP Scaling
- Route Reflectors
- Confederations
- Dampening Route Flaps
- OSPF as the IGP
- Redistributing Routing Information
- Redistributing static and connected into OSPF
- Redistributing BGP into OSPF
- Redistributing OSPF into BGP
- Redistributing BGP into OSPF into BGP
- Redistributing static and connected routes into BGP
- Redistributing Routing Information
- Traffic Engineering in the Internal Network
- Network Partitions
- IP Tunnels and Path MTU Discovery
- 11. Providing Transit Services
- Route Filters
- Communities
- Setting the Local Preference
- Fine-Grained Path Prepending
- Setting Communities on Incoming Routes
- Community Overview In Routing Registry
- Anti-DoS Measures
- A Community for Black-Holing
- Preemptive Anti-DoS Measures
- Customers with Backup Connections
- Simple Backups
- More Complex Backups: BGP
- Providing IPv6 and Multicast
- IPv6 Multihoming
- Multicast
- 12. Interconnecting with Other Networks
- Peering
- Internet Exchanges, NAPs, and MAEs
- Connecting to an Internet Exchange
- The Business of Peering
- Where Does the Traffic Go?
- The Politics of Peering
- Multilateral Peering
- Connecting to the Exchange
- Connecting to More Exchange Points
- Rejecting Unwanted Traffic
- IX Subnet Problems
- Talking to Other Network Operators
- Exchange Point Future
- A. Cisco Configuration Basics
- IP Configuration Essentials
- Source Routing and Directed Broadcasts
- Antispoofing Filters
- CIDR and VLSM
- IP Configuration Essentials
- B. Binary Logic, Netmasks, and Prefixes
- C. Notes on the IPv4 Address Space
- Glossary
- Index
- About the Author
- Colophon
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